617 lines
21 KiB
JSON
617 lines
21 KiB
JSON
{
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"terms": [
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{
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"code": "AM",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Amplitudenmodulation — amplitude modulation.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The carrier amplitude follows the audio signal. Both sidebands and the carrier are transmitted, so AM needs more bandwidth and power than SSB."
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},
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{
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"code": "FM",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Frequenzmodulation — frequency modulation.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The carrier frequency follows the audio signal at constant amplitude. Robust against amplitude noise; the usual mode for VHF/UHF (UKW) voice and repeaters."
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},
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{
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"code": "PM",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Phasenmodulation — phase modulation.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The carrier phase follows the signal; closely related to FM and often used to generate it."
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},
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{
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"code": "DSB",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Doppelseitenbandmodulation — double-sideband modulation.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Both sidebands are transmitted; with the carrier suppressed it is DSB-SC, the starting point for generating SSB."
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},
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{
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"code": "SSB",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Einseitenbandmodulation — single sideband.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Only one sideband is sent and the carrier is suppressed, making it the most bandwidth- and power-efficient analogue voice mode on HF."
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},
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{
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"code": "USB",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "oberes Seitenband — upper sideband.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "SSB using the sideband above the suppressed carrier. Convention on HF above 10 MHz and on VHF/UHF."
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},
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{
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"code": "LSB",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "unteres Seitenband — lower sideband.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "SSB using the sideband below the suppressed carrier. Convention on the HF bands below 10 MHz (160/80/40 m)."
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},
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{
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"code": "CW",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Continuous Wave — Morsetelegrafie (A1A).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "On/off keying of an unmodulated carrier. Very narrow bandwidth and excellent weak-signal readability."
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},
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{
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"code": "FSK",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Frequency Shift Keying — Frequenzumtastung.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Digital keying that shifts the carrier between discrete frequencies; the basis of RTTY."
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},
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{
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"code": "PSK",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Phase Shift Keying — Phasenumtastung.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Digital keying that encodes data in carrier phase shifts."
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},
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{
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"code": "ASK",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Amplitude Shift Keying — Amplitudenumtastung.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "QAM",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Quadraturamplitudenmodulation — quadrature amplitude modulation.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Combines amplitude and phase modulation on two quadrature carriers to carry several bits per symbol."
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},
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{
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"code": "RTTY",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Radioteletype — Funkfernschreiben.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Classic FSK teleprinter mode using the 5-bit Baudot code."
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},
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{
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"code": "PSK31",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Phase-Shift Keying, 31 Baud — narrowband keyboard digital mode.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "FT8",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "digitale Schwachsignal-Betriebsart (WSJT-X) — weak-signal digital mode.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Highly sensitive mode with fixed 15-second transmit slots; decodes signals well below the noise floor."
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},
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{
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"code": "WSPR",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Weak Signal Propagation Reporter — Bakenbetrieb zur Ausbreitungsforschung.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Very low-power beacon mode whose reception reports are pooled to map propagation."
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},
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{
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"code": "SSTV",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Slow Scan Television — Schmalband-Bildübertragung.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Sends still pictures slowly enough to fit a voice-bandwidth channel."
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},
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{
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"code": "ATV",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Amateurfernsehen — (fast-scan) amateur television.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Real-time video, typically on the higher bands because of its wide bandwidth."
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},
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{
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"code": "NBFM",
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"category": "Betriebsart",
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"meaning": "Schmalband-FM — narrowband FM.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "FM with reduced deviation (e.g. a 12.5 kHz channel), the usual form for amateur FM voice."
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},
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{
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"code": "MF",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Mittelwelle — medium frequency, 300 kHz to 3 MHz.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "KW",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Kurzwelle — shortwave / HF, 3 to 30 MHz.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The classic long-distance amateur range; relies on ionospheric (skywave) propagation."
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},
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{
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"code": "UKW",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Ultrakurzwelle — VHF, 30 to 300 MHz.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Mostly line-of-sight propagation; home of FM voice and repeaters. In the BNetzA band names UKW is exactly VHF; 300 MHz to 3 GHz is UHF / Dezimeterwelle. Colloquially 'UKW' is sometimes stretched to mean VHF and up, but that is not the exam definition."
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},
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{
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"code": "VHF",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Very High Frequency — 30 to 300 MHz (UKW).",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "UHF",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Ultra High Frequency — 300 MHz to 3 GHz.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "SHF",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Super High Frequency — 3 to 30 GHz (Mikrowellen).",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "EHF",
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"category": "Band",
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"meaning": "Extremely High Frequency — 30 to 300 GHz.",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "NF",
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"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
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"meaning": "Niederfrequenz — audio frequency (about 16 Hz to 20 kHz).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The baseband audio signal before modulation or after demodulation."
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},
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{
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"code": "HF",
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"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
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"meaning": "Hochfrequenz — radio frequency (RF), above the audio range.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "In German usage HF denotes RF signals in general, not specifically the 3 to 30 MHz band (that band is called KW / Kurzwelle)."
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},
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{
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"code": "ZF",
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"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
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"meaning": "Zwischenfrequenz — intermediate frequency (IF).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The fixed frequency a superheterodyne receiver mixes the signal to, where most selective amplification and filtering happens."
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},
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{
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"code": "IF",
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"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
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"meaning": "Intermediate Frequency — englische Bezeichnung für die Zwischenfrequenz (ZF).",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "RF",
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"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
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"meaning": "Radio Frequency — englische Bezeichnung für Hochfrequenz (HF).",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "VFO",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "variabler Oszillator — variable frequency oscillator.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The tunable oscillator that sets the operating frequency of a transmitter or receiver."
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},
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{
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"code": "VCO",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "spannungsgesteuerter Oszillator — voltage-controlled oscillator.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "An oscillator whose frequency follows a control voltage; the tunable element inside a PLL."
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},
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{
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"code": "PLL",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Phasenregelschleife — phase-locked loop.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Locks a VCO to a stable reference by comparing phase, forming the basis of modern frequency synthesizers."
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},
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{
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"code": "DDS",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "direkte digitale Synthese — direct digital synthesis.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Generates a signal numerically from a clock and a phase accumulator, giving fine, fast frequency steps."
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},
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{
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"code": "BFO",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Schwebungsoszillator — beat frequency oscillator.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Reinjects a carrier at the product detector so CW and SSB become audible."
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},
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{
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"code": "LO",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Lokaloszillator — local (mixing) oscillator.",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "AGC",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "automatische Verstärkungsregelung — automatic gain control.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Holds the receiver output roughly constant across strong and weak signals."
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},
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{
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"code": "ALC",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "automatische Pegelregelung — automatic level control.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Limits transmitter drive to prevent overdrive and splatter."
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},
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{
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"code": "PA",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Endstufe / Leistungsverstärker — power amplifier.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "LNA",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "rauscharmer Vorverstärker — low-noise amplifier.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "A low-noise preamplifier, often at the antenna, to improve weak-signal reception on VHF and up."
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},
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{
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"code": "ATU",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Antennenanpassgerät — antenna tuning unit.",
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"exam": false,
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"explanation": "Matches the feed line to the transmitter so the PA sees a low SWR; it does not 'tune' the antenna itself."
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},
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{
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"code": "TRX",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Transceiver — combined transmitter and receiver.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "Balun",
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"category": "Baugruppe",
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"meaning": "Symmetrierglied — balanced-to-unbalanced transformer.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Couples a balanced antenna (e.g. a dipole) to an unbalanced coax feed, suppressing currents on the outside of the shield."
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},
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{
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"code": "Diode",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Diode — conducts current in one direction only.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "LED",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Leuchtdiode — light-emitting diode.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "FET",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Feldeffekttransistor — field-effect transistor.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "A voltage-controlled transistor with very high input impedance."
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},
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{
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"code": "MOSFET",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter-FET — metal-oxide-semiconductor FET.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "An insulated-gate FET; common in switching and RF power stages."
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},
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{
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"code": "BJT",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Bipolartransistor — bipolar junction transistor.",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "IC",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "integrierter Schaltkreis — integrated circuit.",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "NTC",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Heißleiter — NTC thermistor (negative temperature coefficient).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Its resistance falls as temperature rises; used for temperature sensing and inrush limiting."
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},
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{
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"code": "PTC",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Kaltleiter — PTC thermistor (positive temperature coefficient).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Its resistance rises as temperature rises; used as a resettable fuse and for protection."
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},
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{
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"code": "LDR",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "Fotowiderstand — light-dependent resistor.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "VDR",
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"category": "Bauteil",
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"meaning": "spannungsabhängiger Widerstand (Varistor) — voltage-dependent resistor.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Resistance drops sharply above a threshold voltage; clamps surges and protects against overvoltage."
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},
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{
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"code": "dB",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Dezibel — logarithmic ratio of two powers (10·log₁₀).",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "+3 dB is roughly double the power, +10 dB ten times. As a power ratio it is relative, not an absolute level."
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},
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{
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"code": "dBi",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Gewinn über Isotropstrahler — gain relative to an isotropic radiator.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "dBd",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Gewinn über Dipol — gain relative to a half-wave dipole.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "0 dBd = 2.15 dBi; the dipole already has 2.15 dBi of gain over isotropic."
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},
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{
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"code": "dBm",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Pegel bezogen auf 1 mW — power level referenced to 1 milliwatt.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "An absolute level: 0 dBm = 1 mW, 30 dBm = 1 W."
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},
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{
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"code": "dBW",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Pegel bezogen auf 1 W — power level referenced to 1 watt.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "SWR",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Stehwellenverhältnis — standing wave ratio.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Ratio of the standing wave's maximum to minimum on the feed line; 1:1 is a perfect match, higher values mean more reflected power."
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},
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{
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"code": "VSWR",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Spannungs-Stehwellenverhältnis — voltage standing wave ratio.",
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"exam": false
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},
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{
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"code": "ERP",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "effektive Strahlungsleistung — effective radiated power.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Power referenced to a half-wave dipole: transmitter power minus losses, times the antenna gain in dBd."
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},
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{
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"code": "EIRP",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "äquivalente isotrope Strahlungsleistung — equivalent isotropically radiated power.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Like ERP but referenced to an isotropic radiator; EIRP = ERP + 2.15 dB."
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},
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{
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"code": "PEP",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Spitzenleistung — peak envelope power.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The average power over one RF cycle at the peak of the modulation envelope; the standard rating for SSB transmitters."
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},
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{
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"code": "RMS",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Effektivwert — root mean square.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The equivalent DC value that produces the same heating; for a sine wave it is the peak divided by √2."
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},
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{
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"code": "Q",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Güte — quality factor of a resonant circuit.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Ratio of stored to dissipated energy; a higher Q means a narrower, sharper resonance."
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},
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{
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"code": "SNR",
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"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
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"meaning": "Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis — signal-to-noise ratio.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "AC",
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"category": "Strom & Spannung",
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"meaning": "Wechselstrom / Wechselspannung — alternating current.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "DC",
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"category": "Strom & Spannung",
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"meaning": "Gleichstrom / Gleichspannung — direct current.",
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"exam": true
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},
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{
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"code": "MUF",
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"category": "Ausbreitung",
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"meaning": "höchste brauchbare Frequenz — maximum usable frequency.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "The highest frequency the ionosphere still reflects back for a given path; above it the signal escapes into space."
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},
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{
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"code": "LUF",
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"category": "Ausbreitung",
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"meaning": "niedrigste brauchbare Frequenz — lowest usable frequency.",
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"exam": true,
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"explanation": "Below it absorption (mainly in the D layer) makes the path unusable."
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},
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|
{
|
|
"code": "NVIS",
|
|
"category": "Ausbreitung",
|
|
"meaning": "Steilstrahlung — near-vertical incidence skywave.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "Near-vertical HF radiation that comes back down over a wide area, giving gap-free regional coverage out to a few hundred km."
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "DMR",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Digital Mobile Radio — digitale Sprach- und Datenbetriebsart.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "TDMA digital voice standard widely used on amateur repeaters and networks."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "D-STAR",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "digitale Sprach- und Datenbetriebsart (ICOM/JARL).",
|
|
"exam": true
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "C4FM",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Continuous 4-level FM — Yaesu System Fusion digital voice.",
|
|
"exam": true
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "APRS",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Automatic Packet Reporting System — Positions- und Telemetriedaten über Packet.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "TNC",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Terminal Node Controller — Packet-Radio-Modem.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "AX.25",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Amateurfunk-Datenprotokoll — amateur packet-radio link protocol.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "CTCSS",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System — subaudible tone squelch.",
|
|
"exam": false,
|
|
"explanation": "A low-frequency tone below the audio that opens a repeater's or receiver's squelch only for stations sending the matching tone."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "DTMF",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency — Mehrfrequenzwahlverfahren.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "DCS",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Digital-Coded Squelch — digitale Rauschsperrencodierung.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "PTT",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Push To Talk — Sendetaste.",
|
|
"exam": true
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "SDR",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Software Defined Radio — softwaredefiniertes Funkgerät.",
|
|
"exam": true
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "RIT",
|
|
"category": "Digital & Daten",
|
|
"meaning": "Receiver Incremental Tuning — Empfänger-Feinverstimmung.",
|
|
"exam": true
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "ITU",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "Internationale Fernmeldeunion — International Telecommunication Union.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "UN agency that allocates spectrum worldwide and defines the three ITU regions."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "IARU",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "Internationale Amateur-Radio-Union — International Amateur Radio Union.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "Worldwide federation of national amateur-radio societies; coordinates band plans and represents amateurs at the ITU."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "CEPT",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "Europäische Konferenz der Verwaltungen für Post und Telekommunikation.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "Its recommendations let an amateur licensee operate temporarily in other member countries without applying for a separate licence."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "BNetzA",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "Bundesnetzagentur — the German telecommunications regulator.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "Issues amateur licences and call signs in Germany and supervises the service."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "EMV",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit — electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "The ability of equipment to operate without causing or suffering undue interference."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "EMVU",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "elektromagnetische Umweltverträglichkeit — EMF exposure compliance.",
|
|
"exam": true,
|
|
"explanation": "Assessment and limits for human exposure to the electromagnetic fields a station produces."
|
|
},
|
|
{
|
|
"code": "AFu",
|
|
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
|
|
"meaning": "Amateurfunk — amateur radio.",
|
|
"exam": false
|
|
}
|
|
]
|
|
}
|