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Amateurfunk-Anki/explanations.json
T
imple 044b68fff4 Add explanations for V* questions 
Automatically generated using Codex and GPT 5.5 in high reasoning mode
2026-05-22 16:58:50 +02:00

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{
"BA101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BA110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.",
"source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf",
"confidence": 9
},
"BB101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Abbreviations and Q groups compress common operating messages, so slow text modes carry more meaning per character and keep contacts concise.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CQ is the standard open invitation to any station, not a call to one named station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "DX is operating shorthand for a distant station or long-distance contact; the distance threshold depends on band and propagation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "On VHF/UHF, normal local coverage is limited, so DX means stations well beyond local range, typically more than a few hundred kilometres away.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "On 80 m at night, intercontinental propagation is plausible, so 'CQ DX' asks for stations from other continents rather than nearby stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "TX, RX, and TRX follow the transmit/receive naming convention: transmitter, receiver, and a combined transceiver.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CW names the continuous carrier used for Morse telegraphy; the information is keyed by interrupting or shifting that carrier.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BK is the telegraphy break signal: it interrupts the current transmission or hands over informally without the full closing sequence.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "K is the procedural invitation to transmit, so it marks that the other station may answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "R at the start of a telegraphy over means 'received', confirming that the previous transmission was copied.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "These Q groups encode common reception conditions: QRM is man-made interference, QRN is atmospheric noise, and QSB asks about fading.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "With a question mark, QRO asks about increasing power, QSO asks about direct communication, and QRX asks when the next call should happen.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "QRT orders stopping transmission, QRZ asks who is calling, and QSL? asks whether reception can be confirmed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "QRV states readiness, QRM? asks whether interference is present, and QTH gives a station location.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "QRP is the operating signal for reducing transmitter power, so 'PSE QRP' is a polite request to turn it down.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BB206": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "QSY is the operating signal for changing frequency, so 'PSE QSY' asks you to move to another frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BC101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 10 m amateur band is around 28 MHz, which lies in the 3-30 MHz HF shortwave range.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 2 m band is around 144-146 MHz, which lies in the 30-300 MHz VHF range.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 70 cm band is around 430-440 MHz, which lies in the 300-3000 MHz UHF range.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "HF is defined as 3-30 MHz; those wavelengths are roughly 100 m to 10 m, hence shortwave/KW.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "VHF is defined as 30-300 MHz; in German amateur practice this is the UKW range.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "UHF is defined as 300-3000 MHz; its wavelengths are in the decimetre range.",
"source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2",
"confidence": 9
},
"BC201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "IARU band plans are coordination recommendations, not law, but following them prevents incompatible modes from crowding each other.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The HF band-plan convention uses lower sideband below 10 MHz, so 80 m normally uses LSB.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The HF band-plan convention uses upper sideband above 10 MHz, so 20 m normally uses USB.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Band plans put narrow Morse activity at the lower edge of most bands, leaving wider modes farther up the band.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Region 1 VHF plan marks 145.500 MHz as the 2 m FM calling frequency, so it is used for general FM calls.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC206": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Region 1 UHF plan marks 433.500 MHz as the 70 cm FM calling frequency, so it is used for general FM calls.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC207": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 2 m band plan lists 145.375 MHz for digital voice calling, separating it from analogue FM calling traffic.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC208": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 70 cm band plan lists 433.450 MHz for digital voice calling, separating it from analogue FM calling traffic.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC209": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "145.450 MHz falls in the 2 m FM simplex channel area, so it is suitable for an FM voice contact under the band plan.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC210": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "144.310 MHz sits near the 144.300 MHz SSB centre of activity, so it is appropriate for 2 m SSB voice.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC211": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 2 m band plan uses 144.300 MHz as the SSB centre of activity.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC212": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 70 cm band plan uses 432.200 MHz as the SSB centre of activity.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC213": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "144.075 MHz lies in the narrow Morse-preferred segment, so wider or keyboard digital modes should use their own segments.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC214": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Around 144.125 MHz the 2 m band plan is for Morse and narrow digital work, not local FM voice.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC215": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Around 144.450 MHz the 2 m band plan reserves beacon use, so an ordinary local FM QSO would occupy the wrong segment.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC216": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 145.500-145.5625 MHz FM simplex area is channelised for narrow FM, so keeping to about 12 kHz avoids adjacent-channel interference.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC217": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "145.600 MHz is in the 2 m repeater output area, so a direct local FM contact would interfere with repeater operation.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC218": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "145.800 MHz belongs to the 2 m space-communication segment, so it should be kept clear for satellite and other space contacts.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC219": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "432.040 MHz lies in the 70 cm Morse/narrow digital segment, so local FM voice would be the wrong bandwidth and mode there.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC220": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "432.450 MHz is assigned to beacon activity in the 70 cm plan, so it should not be used for an ordinary local FM contact.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC221": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "435.500 MHz lies in the 70 cm satellite segment, so terrestrial local FM would risk interfering with satellite operation.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BC222": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "439.200 MHz is in the 70 cm repeater output area, so a direct local FM contact would occupy repeater spectrum.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BD101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "German club-station call signs use zero in the numeral position; DA0ABC therefore identifies a club station.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §16 allows BNetzA to permit special experimental or technical-scientific studies and to make that dependent on assigning another call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BD103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "DL0 is in the German club-station pattern for class A, and the zero distinguishes it from person-bound DL1-DL9 calls.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "In the German call-sign plan, DL1-DL9 with normal two- or three-letter suffixes are person-bound class A call signs.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The German call-sign plan assigns DN9 to person-bound class N call signs.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The German call-sign plan assigns DO1-DO9 with normal suffixes to person-bound class E call signs.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "DP0GVN is one of the German exterritorial class A station patterns; DP0 is used for special locations outside ordinary German territory.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "DP0POL follows the same exterritorial class A pattern as other German Antarctic or special-location stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Low-power transmitters for direction finding may identify with short MO-series markers instead of a normal amateur call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The suffix /am means aeronautical mobile: the station is operating from an aircraft.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "VE is a Canadian call-sign series, and /am adds that the station is being operated from an aircraft.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The suffix /m means mobile; for amateur operation that includes a station moving in a land vehicle.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The suffix /m can also mark mobile operation on inland waterways, distinct from /mm on the high seas.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The suffix /mm means maritime mobile, so the station is aboard a vessel at sea rather than on land or inland water.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BD206": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The suffix /p is used as extra information for portable or temporarily fixed operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD207": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV allows internationally customary suffixes but does not require /p for portable or temporary fixed operation in Germany.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD208": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §11 names Remote for speech and /R for telegraphy or digital modes when marking remote operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BD209": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For training operation, AFuV §11 requires /Trainee in speech, so the trainee uses the instructor's call sign plus that suffix.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BD210": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Training operation may use the club-station call sign, but AFuV §11 requires the training suffix /Trainee for speech or /T for telegraphy/digital modes.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BD211": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For training in Morse or digital modes, AFuV §11 requires the short /T suffix on the instructor's call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BD212": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT guest operation uses the visited country's prefix before the home call sign, so a UK G3MM station temporarily in Germany signs with DL/.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD213": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT Novice guest operation in Switzerland uses the Swiss novice visitor prefix HB3 before the German class E call sign.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD214": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT guest operation in Switzerland uses the Swiss HB9 prefix before the German class A call sign.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Unknown prefixes are a lookup item: the ITU call-sign allocation table, handbooks, and callbooks map prefix blocks to countries.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "ITU call-sign series split DA-DR to Germany, DS-DT to South Korea, and DU-DZ to the Philippines.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps OE to Austria, ON to Belgium, and OK to Czechia.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps OE to Austria, PA to the Netherlands, and SM to Sweden.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD305": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps F to France, PA to the Netherlands, and SP to Poland.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD306": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps SM to Sweden, SP to Poland, and ZS to South Africa.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD307": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps 4X to Israel, F to France, and OZ to Denmark.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD308": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps EA to Spain, EI to Ireland, EK to Armenia, EM to Ukraine, and ES to Estonia.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD309": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps VE to Canada, VK to Australia, and PY to Brazil.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD310": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps HB9 to Switzerland, EA to Spain, and ON to Belgium.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD311": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps EA to Spain, LX to Luxembourg, and SP to Poland.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD312": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps W to the United States, ZL to New Zealand, and LU to Argentina.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD313": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps BY to China, VE to Canada, and VK to Australia.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD314": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "F, HB9, OZ, and SP correspond to France, Switzerland, Denmark, and Poland, all neighbours of Germany.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD315": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "K and W are United States call-sign series, so K3LR, W3DZZ, and K4EAX are all US-style calls.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD316": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "W, VE, and XE identify the United States, Canada, and Mexico; all three are on North America.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD317": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "PY, CE, and LU identify Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, all in South America.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BD318": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BY, JA, and VU identify China, Japan, and India, all in Asia.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"BE101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A contact starts either as a general call, a directed call, or an answer to a call; in every case the own call sign identifies the transmitting station.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BE102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Answering CQ first names the station being called, then gives your own call sign once, which makes both sides of the intended contact clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A partial call containing your suffix is not enough certainty, so asking whether you were called avoids answering for another station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "In English phone procedure, name the station you are calling first and then identify yourself with 'this is' plus your call sign.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A clear frequency may still be in use, so asking whether it is occupied before calling CQ reduces accidental interference.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "On higher HF bands, skip propagation can create a dead zone: you may not hear a nearby station that is nevertheless using the frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "145.500 MHz is a calling channel; after contact is made, moving by QSY keeps the calling channel available for others.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BE108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "After your CQ contact ends, the original frequency should not become a queue; arranging QSY keeps the calling or working frequency usable.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "On 2 m and 70 cm, 'DX' means well beyond normal local range, so local or nearby stations should wait.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CQ VK/ZL is a directed CQ for Australia and New Zealand prefixes, so a non-VK/ZL station should not answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Maidenhead locator encodes geographic position into grid fields and squares, giving a compact location reference for radio contacts.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A CW CQ repeats CQ and the own call sign, uses DE for 'from', and ends with K to invite replies.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CQ DL is a directed general call for German stations, and PSE K politely invites those stations to answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CQ DX on 20 m asks for distant intercontinental contacts; a European station should not answer a Swiss station's DX call.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE115": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "QRZ? asks 'who is calling me?' and in a pile-up it is also used to invite the next callers.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE116": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CQ FD and TEST mark contest traffic for Field Day, and /P says the station is operating portable.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE117": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Matching or slowing down to the caller's Morse speed improves copy and avoids forcing the other operator beyond their receive speed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE118": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Morse should be sent no faster than you can copy and adjusted to slower stations, because reliable exchange matters more than speed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RST is a compact reception report, so it summarizes how well the signal can be read and, where relevant, its strength and tone.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The letters name the three report dimensions: Readability, Strength, and Tone.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RST scale uses R 1-5 for readability, S 1-9 for signal strength, and T 1-9 for tone quality.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and an S-meter reading of 5 gives report 55.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and S9 gives report 59.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE206": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy plus an S9 reading 20 dB over S9 is reported as 59+20 dB.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE207": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and the displayed S5 gives report 55.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE208": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and the displayed S9 gives report 59.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE209": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy plus a displayed value 20 dB over S9 is reported as 59+20 dB.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE210": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "SSTV sends pictures, so the practical way to report image quality is to include the report text in the transmitted image itself.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Contests are structured operating exercises: competition pressure improves station setup, operator skill, and operating technique.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BE302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Contest scoring rewards many valid contacts in limited time, so exchanges are deliberately short and standardized.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A contest QSO counts only if both stations exchange the data required by that contest's rules.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "In a Sprint contest, handing over the frequency after each QSO prevents one station from holding the run frequency continuously.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE305": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A pile-up is what happens when many stations call the same desirable station at once.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE306": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "'Only number 3' filters a pile-up by the numeral in the call sign, so only calls with 3 between prefix and suffix should call.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE307": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "List operation uses a strong control station to collect callers and call them in order, reducing chaos around a rare station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE308": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Split operation separates transmit and receive frequencies, letting a rare station listen where callers transmit while keeping its own transmit frequency clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE309": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "'Split up 14270 to 14280' means the station transmits on its announced frequency but listens for callers across that higher range.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE310": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "'5 up' means the wanted station listens 5 kHz above its transmit frequency, so callers must transmit there and listen on the station's frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE311": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "'Tuning 290 to 300 up' gives the listening window by shorthand: transmit between 14290 and 14300 kHz while listening to 14205 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE312": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A DX-pedition deliberately activates a rare country or island so other amateurs can work a location that is normally hard to hear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE313": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "ARDF is a direction-finding contest: operators use portable receivers to locate hidden low-power transmitters that transmit briefly.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A repeater is duplex: users transmit to its input, and the repeater retransmits what it hears on its output.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE402": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "German 2 m repeaters conventionally use a -600 kHz shift, so the input is 600 kHz below the output.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BE403": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "German 70 cm repeaters conventionally use a -7.6 MHz shift, so the input is 7.6 MHz below the output.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BE404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A short pause before each over leaves a gap for another station to break in without doubling.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE405": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Clear handover tells everyone whose turn it is, which prevents two stations from transmitting at the same time.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE406": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Repeaters are shared resources, and short overs leave access opportunities for mobile and portable users with changing signal conditions.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE407": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Wide FM spills into adjacent repeater inputs and can overdrive a narrow repeater receiver, causing interference or distorted retransmission.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE408": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Over a repeater, your S-meter reads the repeater's downlink, not the other user's uplink, so only readability describes the other user's signal.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE409": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Beacons provide known reference signals; hearing or not hearing them indicates current propagation conditions.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE410": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The International Beacon Project uses fixed beacon slots, so keeping those narrow ranges clear preserves their propagation-monitoring value.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf",
"confidence": 7
},
"BE411": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Uplink is the direction from an earth station up to the satellite.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE412": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Downlink is the direction from the satellite down to earth stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE413": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Azimuth is the horizontal bearing angle used to point an antenna around the horizon.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE414": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Elevation is the vertical pointing angle above the horizon used to track a satellite.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE415": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "OSCAR expands to Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, the usual name for amateur-radio satellites.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BE416": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A satellite transponder receives signals on one band, translates them to another frequency range, and retransmits them back toward Earth.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Outside amateur radio, the internationally recognised distress signals are Mayday for voice and SOS for Morse or signalling.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §16 forbids using the international distress, urgency, and safety signals of maritime and aeronautical mobile services in amateur radio.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"BF103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If normal communication is unavailable, amateur radio can support emergency assistance by relaying the request to someone who can contact police or rescue services.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BF104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The first task is accurate copying: listen and write down facts before transmitting so the emergency information is not lost or distorted.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If a rescue organisation has taken the traffic, extra amateur transmissions only risk interference, so the right action is to stay clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "When no one else answers and you can help, acknowledging the distress traffic and alerting official emergency services is the useful relay path.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"BF107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "After relaying a distress message, remaining reachable lets you pass updates until professional help arrives or releases you.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Germany is UTC+2 during MESZ, so 23:00 UTC is 01:00 MESZ on the following local date.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BF109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "IARU Region 1 designates these HF centres of activity for emergency communication, so they should be kept clear for that use.",
"source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/about-us/committees-and-working-groups/emcomm/emergency-communications-frequencies/",
"confidence": 7
},
"BG101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A logbook is the station diary: usually voluntary, but it can become mandatory when required for a particular station or case.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If log keeping is ordered, a computer log must remain readable for the required period just like a paper log.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Changing log software must not make ordered log data inaccessible, because the records may need later inspection.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A QSL card confirms that a QSO took place and can serve as evidence for awards that require worked stations or countries.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A useful QSL must identify both stations and the contact: call signs, UTC date/time, band, mode, and signal report are the minimum facts.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "UTC avoids local time-zone and daylight-saving ambiguity, making it easier for foreign stations to match the card to their log.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "MEZ is UTC+1, so 15:30 local standard time is 14:30 UTC.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "MESZ is UTC+2, so 13:30 local daylight-saving time is 11:30 UTC.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "'QSL via K8PYD' means K8PYD manages cards for HZ1HZ, so sending through that manager is the route to confirmation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Direct QSL mailing needs a current address, which is why operators use callbooks or online call-sign information.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"BG111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Electronic QSL systems and log uploads confirm the same QSO facts without exchanging a physical card.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VA101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The international definition is in the ITU Radio Regulations, which define radio services globally before national rules implement them.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 1 defines the amateur service as self-training, intercommunication and technical investigation by authorised amateurs.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The amateur-satellite service is the same amateur service carried through space stations, so its purposes stay the same.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR definition limits amateur operators to duly authorised persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "In the RR, a station is the transmitters, receivers and accessories needed at one place to carry out a radiocommunication service.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "An amateur station is simply a station in the amateur service, so the service definition determines the station type.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Radio Regulations' general rules apply to all radiocommunication services unless a special rule says otherwise, so amateur radio is included.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 restricts international amateur traffic to amateur-service purposes and personal remarks, excluding third-party business traffic.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 forbids secrecy in amateur traffic but permits encrypted control signals for amateur-satellite control links.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 leaves Morse-code requirements to each national administration, so Germany can decide its own examination rules.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR divides the world into regions because frequency allocations differ by region.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA402": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR allocation table is organised into three ITU regions.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA403": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Germany is in ITU Region 1, the region covering Europe, Africa and parts of western Asia.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Canada is in ITU Region 2, the region covering the Americas.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA405": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Australia is in ITU Region 3, the region covering Asia-Pacific outside the Region 1/2 areas.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA406": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "International call-sign prefixes are allocated in the Radio Regulations call-sign series table.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA407": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Q code meanings are an ITU operating-code item, so the RR is the authoritative international reference.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The CEPT Novice certificate documents a recognised novice-level exam and can simplify getting an equivalent novice individual licence abroad.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "HAREC is the harmonised CEPT examination certificate under T/R 61-02; German class A matches that level.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2565",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A HAREC certifies a passed class-A-level exam and is used by participating administrations when issuing a local amateur licence.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2565",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "T/R 61-01 covers temporary guest operation, T/R 61-02 and ERC Report 32 harmonise exam evidence, and ECC (05)06 covers novice operation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Class N is a German national class and is not covered by the CEPT visitor recommendations, so it gives no CEPT operating privilege abroad.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT Novice operation only works in countries that have implemented ECC Recommendation (05)06 and only for temporary stays without residence there.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Class A relies on T/R 61-01; the right exists only in countries that implement that recommendation and for temporary non-resident operation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Some non-CEPT countries also accept T/R 61-01 or ECC (05)06, so German A/E operators may operate there when that country has implemented the relevant recommendation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT guest operation is temporary; T/R 61-01 uses a stay of up to three months as the normal limit.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Germany's CEPT visitor prefixes are class-dependent: full CEPT visitors use DL/ and novice visitors use DO/ before the home call sign.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT operation does not export German privileges; the visitor must follow the CEPT recommendation plus the host country's power, band and operating limits.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A German licence does not automatically authorise 6 m abroad; the host country's CEPT implementation and national band limits control.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Without CEPT implementation there is no automatic visitor privilege, so the operator needs a guest authorisation from the visited country.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "T/R 61-01 is for individual visitor operation, not moving a German club station abroad; a club station needs a separate guest authorisation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
"VC101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The AFuG is the German statutory basis for who may participate in the amateur service and under what conditions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §2 defines amateur radio as amateur-to-amateur communication plus experimentation, self-training, international understanding and support of relief actions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §2 defines an amateur station by its transmitters, receivers, antennas and required accessories, capable of operating on amateur frequencies.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG assigns the law's administrative tasks to the Bundesnetzagentur.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §2 defines a radio amateur as the holder of an amateur certificate or harmonised examination certificate.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Passing the exam is not enough for transmitting; AFuG §3 requires admission to participate and a person-bound call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The admission is person-bound under AFuG §3, so it cannot be lent or transferred to another person.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §3 sets the exam/admission requirement but no minimum age requirement.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG permits amateurs with assigned call signs to operate commercial, home-built or modified transmitters on amateur frequencies.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG rights attach to frequencies designated for the amateur service; transmitting outside those allocations is not covered.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG limits amateur traffic to communication with other amateur stations, apart from emergency exceptions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Third-party message relay is normally outside amateur radio, but AFuG allows support in emergency and disaster cases.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §2 excludes commercial-economic motivation from the definition of a radio amateur.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG keeps amateur radio non-commercial, so an amateur station may not be operated for commercial-economic purposes.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC115": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Business provision of telecommunications services is outside the amateur service and is expressly not an amateur-station purpose.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC116": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A person-bound amateur call sign is assigned by BNetzA; using another person-bound call sign would defeat that identification rule.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC117": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG allows call signs to be changed for important reasons, especially when international requirements change.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC118": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG requires amateur stations to meet EMC protection requirements so their operation remains compatible with other equipment.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC119": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG lets amateurs deviate from EMVG immunity requirements for their own station, meaning they choose their own station's immunity level.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC120": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For self-built amateur equipment, AFuG allows the amateur to determine the station's immunity level instead of meeting ordinary EMVG immunity requirements.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC121": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG provides that BNetzA issues a site certificate on request; this is separate from the amateur-station display procedure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC122": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG and AFuV enforcement powers allow BNetzA to restrict operation or order an amateur station taken out of service after violations.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC123": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Persistent violations can lead to revocation because the admission and call-sign assignment are administrative permissions tied to lawful operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC124": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG treats operating without admission/call sign, commercial telecom service, and unauthorised third-party message relay as fineable offences.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC125": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "An unlawful station operation can be pursued by BNetzA as an administrative offence with a monetary fine.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/BJNR149400997.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §1 points to Anlage 1 for the usable frequency ranges and technical operating conditions by class.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV says receiving amateur transmissions does not require admission to the amateur service; the admission requirement is for participation by transmitting.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV requires open language; encryption that hides the content is not open language and is therefore prohibited.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV permits encryption only for control signals of satellites, remote, automatically working or otherwise remotely controlled stations.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV expressly forbids using international maritime and aeronautical distress, urgency and safety signals in amateur traffic.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV requires amateur stations to be installed and maintained according to generally recognised technical rules.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV lets BNetzA demand technical documents and an antenna layout sketch for a transmitting station.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §17 lets BNetzA require records to investigate interference causes or clarify frequency-technical questions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__17.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Log-like written operating records are mandatory only when BNetzA requires them under AFuV §17.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__17.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV requires unwanted emissions to be reduced to the lowest practicable level.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "During adjustment and measurement, AFuV requires effective measures to prevent free radiation of test signals.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A carrier is normally not a valid transmission by itself, but a short unmodulated carrier can be necessary for tuning.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV requires name or address changes to be reported to BNetzA without undue delay.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__9.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §15 defines the call-sign list content: name, call sign and address unless publication of the address is opposed.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__15.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD115": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "No BNetzA special permission is needed merely because the amateur station is operated in a watercraft or aircraft; other operator/vehicle permissions still matter.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VD116": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §16 allows BNetzA to grant temporary exceptions for special experimental and technical-scientific studies.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD117": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §2 defines a club station as a station used by at least three members of a group under a jointly used call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD118": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §2 defines a repeater as a remote or automatic amateur station that re-transmits or forwards received or stored content.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD119": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §2 defines a beacon as an automatic amateur transmitting station that repeatedly emits signals for field-strength observations or reception tests.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §10 requires BNetzA to publish a German amateur call-sign plan that defines the call-sign formation rules.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §10 lists person-bound call signs and further call signs for training, remote/automatic stations and club stations.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The German call-sign plan uses a two-letter German prefix, one digit and usually a two- or three-letter suffix for person-bound call signs.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The call-sign plan permits special-event suffixes up to seven characters, including digits, provided the suffix ends with a letter.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VD205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §11 requires the call sign at the beginning and end of each contact and at least every ten minutes during traffic.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD206": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BNetzA's call-sign-use rule points to the international spelling alphabet in RR Appendix 14 for identifying call signs.",
"source": "BNetzA Verfügung 13/2005; ITU RR Appendix 14",
"confidence": 8
},
"VD207": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The amateur call sign is the on-air identifier; it tells listeners which amateur station is transmitting.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD208": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §10 says there is no entitlement to a specific call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 defines training operation as practical preparation for the amateur-radio exam.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 permits training operation only for admitted class A or E amateurs.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 allows non-licensed trainees to participate only under direct instruction and supervision by an authorised class A or E amateur.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 limits training operation to the operating privileges of the instructor.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD305": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 requires the instructor to provide BNetzA information about the type and extent of training operation on request.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD306": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 and §11 put the training suffix on the trainee's use of the instructor or club call sign.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §14 requires the group's leader to name the responsible radio amateur for a club-station call-sign assignment.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD402": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §14 allows a club-station call sign only to a radio amateur already admitted to participate in the amateur service.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD403": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §3 allows further call signs, including club-station call signs, only after the amateur has an admission and the additional assignment.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Only admitted radio amateurs may transmit using a club-station call sign; the club call does not authorise unlicensed operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD405": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV permits admitted radio amateurs to operate at a club station even if they are not members of the group.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD406": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "When operator class and club-station class differ, the lower privilege set controls frequency and power limits.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD407": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 40 m band is outside class E/N privileges for club-station use at class A power; only class A operators may use it there.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD408": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV does not require reporting short-term location changes of a club station, unlike permanent relevant assignment data changes.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD501": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13 requires a separate call-sign assignment for remote-controlled or automatically working stations such as repeaters and beacons.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD502": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A repeater may be operated only under its own assigned call sign and the site and operating conditions stated in that assignment.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD503": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 limits repeater stations above 30 MHz to 50 W ERP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD504": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The responsible operator may exclude a user when that is necessary to keep the repeater operating without interference.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD601": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §2 defines remote operation as unoccupied, remotely controlled operation of a fixed amateur station under continuous indirect control.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD602": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13a links remote operation to a BNetzA notification by the remote-station operator.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD603": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13a restricts remote operation to holders of class A privileges.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD604": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13a allows class A club stations to be used for remote operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD605": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Remote operation must remain under the operator's continuous indirect control, so the operator must be able to maintain operational safety.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD606": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The remote-station operator must prevent unauthorised or abusive access, so only specifically authorised amateurs may use it.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD607": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13a permits transmission through a remote station only by authorised amateurs with class A admission.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD608": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BNetzA needs the operator's contact details so it can reach the responsible person quickly in case of radio interference.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD609": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For a remotely operated club station, AFuV §13a limits access to members of the operating group.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD701": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "International RR allocations are not self-executing in Germany; AFuV Anlage 1 and BNetzA notices implement the usable national amateur ranges.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD702": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 is the national table for German amateur frequency ranges and detailed usage conditions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD703": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CB radio is outside the amateur frequency allocations, so an amateur station is not authorised to transmit there.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD704": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A primary service can claim protection from secondary services, so secondary stations must not interfere with it.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD705": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A secondary service may neither cause harmful interference to primary services nor claim protection from them.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD706": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 lists 7000-7200 kHz with primary status for the amateur service.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD707": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A coastal station on its fixed assigned frequency cannot simply move; even in a shared primary band the amateur station must stop using that frequency unless a real emergency exists.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VD708": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The 433.05-434.79 MHz ISM designation means non-communication industrial, scientific, medical, domestic or similar applications also use that range.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD709": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 1810 to 2000 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD710": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 3.5 to 3.8 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD711": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 7 to 7.2 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD712": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 10.1 to 10.15 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD713": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 14 to 14.35 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD714": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 18.068 to 18.168 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD715": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 21 to 21.45 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD716": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 24.89 to 24.99 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD717": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 28 to 29.7 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD718": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 50.0 to 52.0 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD719": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 144 to 146 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD720": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 430 to 440 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD721": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 1240 to 1300 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD722": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 2320 to 2450 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD723": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives class N only the 10 m, 2 m and 70 cm ranges: 28-29.7 MHz, 144-146 MHz and 430-440 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD724": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For class N on 2 m and 70 cm, AFuV Anlage 1 uses an EIRP cap of 10 W rather than a transmitter-output cap.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD725": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "EIRP is transmitter power times antenna gain relative to isotropic: $5 W \\cdot 2.5 = 12.5 W$, which exceeds the 10 W class N limit.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD726": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "EIRP is transmitter power times antenna gain relative to isotropic: $5 W \\cdot 1.8 = 9 W$, which stays below the 10 W class N limit.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD727": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 permits class E operation from 1810 to 1850 kHz with a maximum of 100 W PEP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD728": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 lists 750 W PEP for class A in the 3.5-3.8 MHz band.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD729": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 3.5-3.8 MHz limits of 750 W PEP for class A and 100 W PEP for class E.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD730": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 limits class A in 10.1-10.15 MHz to 150 W PEP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD731": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 lists 750 W PEP for class A on both 14.000-14.350 MHz and 18.068-18.168 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD732": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 lists 750 W PEP for class A on both 21.000-21.450 MHz and 24.890-24.990 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD733": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 21 MHz and 28 MHz limits of 750 W PEP for class A and 100 W PEP for class E.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD734": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 144-146 MHz and 430-440 MHz limits of 750 W PEP for class A and 75 W PEP for class E.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD735": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 allows class A up to 750 W PEP at 1240-1300 MHz but adds a special 5 W EIRP cap in 1247-1263 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD736": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For class A between 1300 MHz and 250 GHz, AFuV Anlage 1 lists a maximum transmitter output of 75 W PEP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD737": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For class E between 1300 MHz and 250 GHz, AFuV Anlage 1 lists a maximum transmitter output of 5 W PEP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD738": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 sets the narrow 800 Hz occupied-bandwidth limit for 135.7-137.8 kHz, 472-479 kHz and 10.100-10.150 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD739": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 3.5-3.8 MHz a maximum occupied bandwidth of 2.7 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD740": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 28.000-29.000 MHz a maximum occupied bandwidth of 7 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD741": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 144-146 MHz a maximum occupied bandwidth of 40 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD742": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives 430-440 MHz a 2 MHz occupied-bandwidth limit, with 7 MHz allowed for AM television transmissions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD743": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 caps class N in the 10 m band at 10 W ERP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The TKG is a general telecommunications law; amateur radio has its own law, but frequency-use and enforcement rules from the TKG can still apply.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tkg_2021/BJNR185810021.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "TKG §91 states the general rule that every frequency use needs a prior frequency assignment unless the law provides otherwise.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tkg_2021/BJNR185810021.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Using frequencies without the required frequency assignment is a TKG administrative offence.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tkg_2021/BJNR185810021.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE201": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Unauthorised listening to the non-publicly spoken word is a criminal offence under StGB §201, independent of holding an amateur licence.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__201.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE202": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "TDDDG protects communications not intended for the recipient; receiving, using or passing on such messages violates that confidentiality duty.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ttdsg/__5.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE203": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "TDDDG §5 bars disclosing both the content and the fact of receiving non-public/non-general messages, except where emergency and disaster rules justify it.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ttdsg/__5.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE204": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "TDDDG prohibits disguised transmitting devices suited to unnoticed eavesdropping on non-public speech, including possession and manufacture.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ttdsg/__5.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Before escalating an EMC dispute, reducing power is a practical interim measure that may remove the interference and preserve neighbourly peace.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If local remedies fail, BNetzA is the competent authority to investigate radio-interference causes.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "When both installations are compliant but incompatibility remains, EMVG gives BNetzA authority to arrange remedial measures with the parties.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "EMVG lets BNetzA arrange remedial measures in cooperation with affected parties when compliant equipment still causes a local EMC problem.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE305": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If the amateur field strength at the affected receiver is below the relevant immunity reference level, the amateur station is not the non-compliant part and may continue operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE306": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If the field strength at the cable system stays below the recommended immunity level, the amateur transmission is within the assumed compatibility boundary.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE307": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If all bands are disturbed, the likely source is local household electronics, so checking local supplies, lamps, computers and displays is the fastest first isolation step.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 7
},
"VE308": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A receiver has no general right to be free of all interference; compliant devices under EMVG or FuAG may still produce disturbance the amateur must tolerate.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE309": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A time/type log and suspected source give BNetzA evidence for pattern matching and field investigation of recurring interference.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The FuAG implements the market rules for radio equipment, including making radio equipment available, free movement and putting it into service.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fuag/FuAG.pdf",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE402": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Radio equipment made available on the market, including amateur equipment sold commercially, falls under the FuAG.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fuag/FuAG.pdf",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE403": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Serially manufactured amateur radio equipment is market equipment, so it must meet FuAG essential requirements and carry CE marking.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fuag/FuAG.pdf",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Commercial receivers capable of receiving amateur frequencies are market radio equipment, so FuAG requirements apply.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fuag/FuAG.pdf",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE405": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "FuAG excludes amateur radio equipment assembled by radio amateurs for experimental and scientific purposes, so those home-built stations do not need FuAG conformity proof.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/fuag/FuAG.pdf",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE501": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "EMVU is the environmental side of electromagnetic compatibility: protecting people and the environment from electromagnetic fields.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VE502": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The fixed amateur-station operator is responsible for demonstrating and maintaining electromagnetic environmental compatibility at the site.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE503": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV is the regulation that sets the proof procedure for limiting electromagnetic fields from fixed amateur stations.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE504": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV amateur display procedure lets the amateur independently calculate, document and declare that person-safety limits are met.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE505": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Person-protection field limits come from the 26th BImSchV and are applied through the BEMFV proof procedure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bimschv_26/BJNR196600996.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE506": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For fixed amateur stations at 10 W EIRP or more, BEMFV requires the safety distance to be determined by calculation or measurement and documented.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE507": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV documentation threshold for fixed amateur stations is 10 W EIRP.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE508": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Every operator of a fixed amateur station at or above 10 W EIRP must use the BEMFV notification procedure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE509": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV notification must be submitted to the responsible BNetzA field office before starting operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE510": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If the actual station no longer matches the existing notification, the BEMFV procedure must be repeated.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE511": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The notification is the amateur's binding declaration that the statutory person-protection limits are met under their own responsibility.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE512": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BEMFV requires a clear drawing of the site-related safety distance and the area controlled by the operator with the notification.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE513": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "From commissioning onward, the operator must keep the supporting compliance documentation ready for BNetzA, including antenna data and site drawings as needed.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE514": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "After notification, the operator must keep the documentation current and re-notify after material changes that invalidate the original assumptions.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE515": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "BNetzA accepts several proof methods for amateur stations, including WattWächter, simplified assessment, measurements, and near- or far-field calculations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE516": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The safety distance must cover all emissions the operator intends to make simultaneously, because simultaneous fields add at the exposure location.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE517": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Overlapping safety distances require joint assessment when the antennas can transmit at the same time, because exposure is combined.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE518": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If other certificate-requiring fixed radio systems are already at the site and total site EIRP reaches 10 W, BEMFV requires a site certificate.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE519": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "For a fixed amateur station, BEMFV requires a site certificate only when the intended site already has fixed radio systems subject to the site-certificate procedure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE601": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Electrical safety for home-built equipment follows generally recognised engineering practice, which is why VDE rules are the relevant benchmark.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
},
"VE602": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Outdoor antenna structures are building works, so the applicable construction law is the law of the German federal state where they are erected.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE603": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Recognised lightning-protection rules for antenna installations are published as VDE standards.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
},
"VE604": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "VDE 0855-300 applies to equipotential bonding and earthing of amateur transmitting installations; the VDE 0185-305 lightning-protection series applies when the building has a lightning-protection system.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
},
"VE701": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Licensed amateurs owe annual frequency-protection contributions under TKG and EMVG cost-recovery rules.",
"source": "Frequenzschutzbeitragsverordnung (FSBeitrV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE702": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The annual frequency-protection contribution is tied to having an amateur admission, regardless of how much the station is used.",
"source": "Frequenzschutzbeitragsverordnung (FSBeitrV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE703": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BNetzA fee regulation charges for individually attributable acts such as admission to the amateur service and assignment of a person-bound call sign.",
"source": "Besondere Gebührenverordnung BNetzA (BNetzABGebV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE704": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Unpaid public fees and contributions can be enforced administratively under the Verwaltungs-Vollstreckungsgesetz.",
"source": "Verwaltungs-Vollstreckungsgesetz (VwVG)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE705": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Aircraft operation requires the consent of the pilot in command because that person is responsible for the aircraft and onboard radio use.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE706": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "On a ship in international waters, amateur operation is possible only with the master's consent because the master controls shipboard operations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE707": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Damage caused by an antenna installation is a civil-liability issue for the owner or operator who controls that installation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile",
"confidence": 8
}
}
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