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Renat Nurgaliyev
2026-05-26 15:25:42 +02:00
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EXPLANATIONS.md
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@@ -236,6 +236,11 @@ The full priority order, top (most preferred) to bottom:
official explanatory notes. official explanatory notes.
- Useful when primary law is too terse to convey the *why* on - Useful when primary law is too terse to convey the *why* on
its own — these are the regulator's own gloss on the law. its own — these are the regulator's own gloss on the law.
- Do not cite the question catalog PDF/ZIP itself as an
explanation source. It proves what the official answer is, but
it usually does not explain why that answer is right. Use a
law, regulation, BNetzA notice, DARC/50ohm study page, standard,
or other source that actually supports the explanation.
4. **German amateur-radio organisations.** 4. **German amateur-radio organisations.**
- DARC publications and band plan (`darc.de`), Runder Tisch - DARC publications and band plan (`darc.de`), Runder Tisch
explanations.json
+196 -196
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@@ -4356,99 +4356,99 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BB101": { "BB101": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Abbreviations and Q groups compress common operating messages, so slow text modes carry more meaning per character and keep contacts concise.", "explanation": "Abbreviations and Q groups compress common operating messages, so slow text modes carry more meaning per character and keep contacts concise.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB102": { "BB102": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CQ is the standard open invitation to any station, not a call to one named station.", "explanation": "CQ is the standard open invitation to any station, not a call to one named station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB103": { "BB103": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "DX is operating shorthand for a distant station or long-distance contact; the distance threshold depends on band and propagation.", "explanation": "DX is operating shorthand for a distant station or long-distance contact; the distance threshold depends on band and propagation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB104": { "BB104": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "On VHF/UHF, normal local coverage is limited, so DX means stations well beyond local range, typically more than a few hundred kilometres away.", "explanation": "On VHF/UHF, normal local coverage is limited, so DX means stations well beyond local range, typically more than a few hundred kilometres away.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB105": { "BB105": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "On 80 m at night, intercontinental propagation is plausible, so 'CQ DX' asks for stations from other continents rather than nearby stations.", "explanation": "On 80 m at night, intercontinental propagation is plausible, so 'CQ DX' asks for stations from other continents rather than nearby stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB106": { "BB106": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "TX, RX, and TRX follow the transmit/receive naming convention: transmitter, receiver, and a combined transceiver.", "explanation": "TX, RX, and TRX follow the transmit/receive naming convention: transmitter, receiver, and a combined transceiver.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB107": { "BB107": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CW names the continuous carrier used for Morse telegraphy; the information is keyed by interrupting or shifting that carrier.", "explanation": "CW names the continuous carrier used for Morse telegraphy; the information is keyed by interrupting or shifting that carrier.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB108": { "BB108": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "BK is the telegraphy break signal: it interrupts the current transmission or hands over informally without the full closing sequence.", "explanation": "BK is the telegraphy break signal: it interrupts the current transmission or hands over informally without the full closing sequence.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB109": { "BB109": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "K is the procedural invitation to transmit, so it marks that the other station may answer.", "explanation": "K is the procedural invitation to transmit, so it marks that the other station may answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB110": { "BB110": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "R at the start of a telegraphy over means 'received', confirming that the previous transmission was copied.", "explanation": "R at the start of a telegraphy over means 'received', confirming that the previous transmission was copied.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebliche_abkuerzungen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB201": { "BB201": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "These Q groups encode common reception conditions: QRM is man-made interference, QRN is atmospheric noise, and QSB asks about fading.", "explanation": "These Q groups encode common reception conditions: QRM is man-made interference, QRN is atmospheric noise, and QSB asks about fading.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB202": { "BB202": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "With a question mark, QRO asks about increasing power, QSO asks about direct communication, and QRX asks when the next call should happen.", "explanation": "With a question mark, QRO asks about increasing power, QSO asks about direct communication, and QRX asks when the next call should happen.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB203": { "BB203": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "QRT orders stopping transmission, QRZ asks who is calling, and QSL? asks whether reception can be confirmed.", "explanation": "QRT orders stopping transmission, QRZ asks who is calling, and QSL? asks whether reception can be confirmed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB204": { "BB204": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "QRV states readiness, QRM? asks whether interference is present, and QTH gives a station location.", "explanation": "QRV states readiness, QRM? asks whether interference is present, and QTH gives a station location.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB205": { "BB205": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "QRP is the operating signal for reducing transmitter power, so 'PSE QRP' is a polite request to turn it down.", "explanation": "QRP is the operating signal for reducing transmitter power, so 'PSE QRP' is a polite request to turn it down.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BB206": { "BB206": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "QSY is the operating signal for changing frequency, so 'PSE QSY' asks you to move to another frequency.", "explanation": "QSY is the operating signal for changing frequency, so 'PSE QSY' asks you to move to another frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_q_schluessel.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BC101": { "BC101": {
@@ -4656,15 +4656,15 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BD107": { "BD107": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "DP0GVN is one of the German exterritorial class A station patterns; DP0 is used for special locations outside ordinary German territory.", "explanation": "DP0GVN is one of the German exterritorial class A station patterns; DP0 is used for special locations outside ordinary German territory.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_exterritoriale_stationen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD108": { "BD108": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "DP0POL follows the same exterritorial class A pattern as other German Antarctic or special-location stations.", "explanation": "DP0POL follows the same exterritorial class A pattern as other German Antarctic or special-location stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_exterritoriale_stationen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD109": { "BD109": {
@@ -4674,9 +4674,9 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BD201": { "BD201": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The suffix /am means aeronautical mobile: the station is operating from an aircraft.", "explanation": "The suffix /am means aeronautical mobile: the station is operating from an aircraft.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD202": { "BD202": {
@@ -4686,21 +4686,21 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BD203": { "BD203": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The suffix /m means mobile; for amateur operation that includes a station moving in a land vehicle.", "explanation": "The suffix /m means mobile; for amateur operation that includes a station moving in a land vehicle.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD204": { "BD204": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The suffix /m can also mark mobile operation on inland waterways, distinct from /mm on the high seas.", "explanation": "The suffix /m can also mark mobile operation on inland waterways, distinct from /mm on the high seas.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD205": { "BD205": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The suffix /mm means maritime mobile, so the station is aboard a vessel at sea rather than on land or inland water.", "explanation": "The suffix /mm means maritime mobile, so the station is aboard a vessel at sea rather than on land or inland water.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BD206": { "BD206": {
@@ -4872,33 +4872,33 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BE102": { "BE102": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Answering CQ first names the station being called, then gives your own call sign once, which makes both sides of the intended contact clear.", "explanation": "Answering CQ first names the station being called, then gives your own call sign once, which makes both sides of the intended contact clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE103": { "BE103": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A partial call containing your suffix is not enough certainty, so asking whether you were called avoids answering for another station.", "explanation": "A partial call containing your suffix is not enough certainty, so asking whether you were called avoids answering for another station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE104": { "BE104": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "In English phone procedure, name the station you are calling first and then identify yourself with 'this is' plus your call sign.", "explanation": "In English phone procedure, name the station you are calling first and then identify yourself with 'this is' plus your call sign.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE105": { "BE105": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A clear frequency may still be in use, so asking whether it is occupied before calling CQ reduces accidental interference.", "explanation": "A clear frequency may still be in use, so asking whether it is occupied before calling CQ reduces accidental interference.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE106": { "BE106": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "On higher HF bands, skip propagation can create a dead zone: you may not hear a nearby station that is nevertheless using the frequency.", "explanation": "On higher HF bands, skip propagation can create a dead zone: you may not hear a nearby station that is nevertheless using the frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE107": { "BE107": {
@@ -4908,129 +4908,129 @@
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
"BE108": { "BE108": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "After your CQ contact ends, the original frequency should not become a queue; arranging QSY keeps the calling or working frequency usable.", "explanation": "After your CQ contact ends, the original frequency should not become a queue; arranging QSY keeps the calling or working frequency usable.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE109": { "BE109": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "On 2 m and 70 cm, 'DX' means well beyond normal local range, so local or nearby stations should wait.", "explanation": "On 2 m and 70 cm, 'DX' means well beyond normal local range, so local or nearby stations should wait.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE110": { "BE110": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CQ VK/ZL is a directed CQ for Australia and New Zealand prefixes, so a non-VK/ZL station should not answer.", "explanation": "CQ VK/ZL is a directed CQ for Australia and New Zealand prefixes, so a non-VK/ZL station should not answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE111": { "BE111": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The Maidenhead locator encodes geographic position into grid fields and squares, giving a compact location reference for radio contacts.", "explanation": "The Maidenhead locator encodes geographic position into grid fields and squares, giving a compact location reference for radio contacts.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE112": { "BE112": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A CW CQ repeats CQ and the own call sign, uses DE for 'from', and ends with K to invite replies.", "explanation": "A CW CQ repeats CQ and the own call sign, uses DE for 'from', and ends with K to invite replies.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE113": { "BE113": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CQ DL is a directed general call for German stations, and PSE K politely invites those stations to answer.", "explanation": "CQ DL is a directed general call for German stations, and PSE K politely invites those stations to answer.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE114": { "BE114": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CQ DX on 20 m asks for distant intercontinental contacts; a European station should not answer a Swiss station's DX call.", "explanation": "CQ DX on 20 m asks for distant intercontinental contacts; a European station should not answer a Swiss station's DX call.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE115": { "BE115": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "QRZ? asks 'who is calling me?' and in a pile-up it is also used to invite the next callers.", "explanation": "QRZ? asks 'who is calling me?' and in a pile-up it is also used to invite the next callers.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE116": { "BE116": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "CQ FD and TEST mark contest traffic for Field Day, and /P says the station is operating portable.", "explanation": "CQ FD and TEST mark contest traffic for Field Day, and /P says the station is operating portable.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE117": { "BE117": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Matching or slowing down to the caller's Morse speed improves copy and avoids forcing the other operator beyond their receive speed.", "explanation": "Matching or slowing down to the caller's Morse speed improves copy and avoids forcing the other operator beyond their receive speed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE118": { "BE118": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Morse should be sent no faster than you can copy and adjusted to slower stations, because reliable exchange matters more than speed.", "explanation": "Morse should be sent no faster than you can copy and adjusted to slower stations, because reliable exchange matters more than speed.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_betriebsabwicklung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE201": { "BE201": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "RST is a compact reception report, so it summarizes how well the signal can be read and, where relevant, its strength and tone.", "explanation": "RST is a compact reception report, so it summarizes how well the signal can be read and, where relevant, its strength and tone.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE202": { "BE202": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The letters name the three report dimensions: Readability, Strength, and Tone.", "explanation": "The letters name the three report dimensions: Readability, Strength, and Tone.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE203": { "BE203": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The RST scale uses R 1-5 for readability, S 1-9 for signal strength, and T 1-9 for tone quality.", "explanation": "The RST scale uses R 1-5 for readability, S 1-9 for signal strength, and T 1-9 for tone quality.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE204": { "BE204": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle indicates S5. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 55.", "explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle indicates S5. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 55.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE205": { "BE205": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle indicates S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 59.", "explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle indicates S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 59.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE206": { "BE206": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle is 20 dB over S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted, so clear copy is reported as 59+20 dB.", "explanation": "On the analogue S-meter, the needle is 20 dB over S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted, so clear copy is reported as 59+20 dB.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE207": { "BE207": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is S5. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 55.", "explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is S5. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 55.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE208": { "BE208": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 59.", "explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5, so the report is 59.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE209": { "BE209": {
"revision": 2, "revision": 3,
"explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is 20 dB over S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted, so clear copy is reported as 59+20 dB.", "explanation": "On the digital display, the shown signal level is 20 dB over S9. For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted, so clear copy is reported as 59+20 dB.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_rst.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE210": { "BE210": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "SSTV sends pictures, so the practical way to report image quality is to include the report text in the transmitted image itself.", "explanation": "SSTV sends pictures, so the practical way to report image quality is to include the report text in the transmitted image itself.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_sstv.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE301": { "BE301": {
@@ -5040,81 +5040,81 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BE302": { "BE302": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Contest scoring rewards many valid contacts in limited time, so exchanges are deliberately short and standardized.", "explanation": "Contest scoring rewards many valid contacts in limited time, so exchanges are deliberately short and standardized.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_contest.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE303": { "BE303": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A contest QSO counts only if both stations exchange the data required by that contest's rules.", "explanation": "A contest QSO counts only if both stations exchange the data required by that contest's rules.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_contest.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE304": { "BE304": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "In a Sprint contest, handing over the frequency after each QSO prevents one station from holding the run frequency continuously.", "explanation": "In a Sprint contest, handing over the frequency after each QSO prevents one station from holding the run frequency continuously.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_contest.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE305": { "BE305": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A pile-up is what happens when many stations call the same desirable station at once.", "explanation": "A pile-up is what happens when many stations call the same desirable station at once.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_pileup.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE306": { "BE306": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "'Only number 3' filters a pile-up by the numeral in the call sign, so only calls with 3 between prefix and suffix should call.", "explanation": "'Only number 3' filters a pile-up by the numeral in the call sign, so only calls with 3 between prefix and suffix should call.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_pileup.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE307": { "BE307": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "List operation uses a strong control station to collect callers and call them in order, reducing chaos around a rare station.", "explanation": "List operation uses a strong control station to collect callers and call them in order, reducing chaos around a rare station.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_pileup.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE308": { "BE308": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Split operation separates transmit and receive frequencies, letting a rare station listen where callers transmit while keeping its own transmit frequency clear.", "explanation": "Split operation separates transmit and receive frequencies, letting a rare station listen where callers transmit while keeping its own transmit frequency clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_split_betrieb.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE309": { "BE309": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "'Split up 14270 to 14280' means the station transmits on its announced frequency but listens for callers across that higher range.", "explanation": "'Split up 14270 to 14280' means the station transmits on its announced frequency but listens for callers across that higher range.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_split_betrieb.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE310": { "BE310": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "'5 up' means the wanted station listens 5 kHz above its transmit frequency, so callers must transmit there and listen on the station's frequency.", "explanation": "'5 up' means the wanted station listens 5 kHz above its transmit frequency, so callers must transmit there and listen on the station's frequency.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_split_betrieb.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE311": { "BE311": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "'Tuning 290 to 300 up' gives the listening window by shorthand: transmit between 14290 and 14300 kHz while listening to 14205 kHz.", "explanation": "'Tuning 290 to 300 up' gives the listening window by shorthand: transmit between 14290 and 14300 kHz while listening to 14205 kHz.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_split_betrieb.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE312": { "BE312": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A DX-pedition deliberately activates a rare country or island so other amateurs can work a location that is normally hard to hear.", "explanation": "A DX-pedition deliberately activates a rare country or island so other amateurs can work a location that is normally hard to hear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_dx.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE313": { "BE313": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "ARDF is a direction-finding contest: operators use portable receivers to locate hidden low-power transmitters that transmit briefly.", "explanation": "ARDF is a direction-finding contest: operators use portable receivers to locate hidden low-power transmitters that transmit briefly.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_ardf.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE401": { "BE401": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A repeater is duplex: users transmit to its input, and the repeater retransmits what it hears on its output.", "explanation": "A repeater is duplex: users transmit to its input, and the repeater retransmits what it hears on its output.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE402": { "BE402": {
@@ -5130,39 +5130,39 @@
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
"BE404": { "BE404": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A short pause before each over leaves a gap for another station to break in without doubling.", "explanation": "A short pause before each over leaves a gap for another station to break in without doubling.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE405": { "BE405": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Clear handover tells everyone whose turn it is, which prevents two stations from transmitting at the same time.", "explanation": "Clear handover tells everyone whose turn it is, which prevents two stations from transmitting at the same time.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE406": { "BE406": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Repeaters are shared resources, and short overs leave access opportunities for mobile and portable users with changing signal conditions.", "explanation": "Repeaters are shared resources, and short overs leave access opportunities for mobile and portable users with changing signal conditions.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE407": { "BE407": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Wide FM spills into adjacent repeater inputs and can overdrive a narrow repeater receiver, causing interference or distorted retransmission.", "explanation": "Wide FM spills into adjacent repeater inputs and can overdrive a narrow repeater receiver, causing interference or distorted retransmission.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE408": { "BE408": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Over a repeater, your S-meter reads the repeater's downlink, not the other user's uplink, so only readability describes the other user's signal.", "explanation": "Over a repeater, your S-meter reads the repeater's downlink, not the other user's uplink, so only readability describes the other user's signal.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_relaisfunkstellen.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE409": { "BE409": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Beacons provide known reference signals; hearing or not hearing them indicates current propagation conditions.", "explanation": "Beacons provide known reference signals; hearing or not hearing them indicates current propagation conditions.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_baken.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE410": { "BE410": {
@@ -5172,45 +5172,45 @@
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
"BE411": { "BE411": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Uplink is the direction from an earth station up to the satellite.", "explanation": "Uplink is the direction from an earth station up to the satellite.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE412": { "BE412": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Downlink is the direction from the satellite down to earth stations.", "explanation": "Downlink is the direction from the satellite down to earth stations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE413": { "BE413": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Azimuth is the horizontal bearing angle used to point an antenna around the horizon.", "explanation": "Azimuth is the horizontal bearing angle used to point an antenna around the horizon.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE414": { "BE414": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Elevation is the vertical pointing angle above the horizon used to track a satellite.", "explanation": "Elevation is the vertical pointing angle above the horizon used to track a satellite.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE415": { "BE415": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "OSCAR expands to Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, the usual name for amateur-radio satellites.", "explanation": "OSCAR expands to Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, the usual name for amateur-radio satellites.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BE416": { "BE416": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A satellite transponder receives signals on one band, translates them to another frequency range, and retransmits them back toward Earth.", "explanation": "A satellite transponder receives signals on one band, translates them to another frequency range, and retransmits them back toward Earth.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_satelliten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF101": { "BF101": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Outside amateur radio, the internationally recognised distress signals are Mayday for voice and SOS for Morse or signalling.", "explanation": "Outside amateur radio, the internationally recognised distress signals are Mayday for voice and SOS for Morse or signalling.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_notfunk.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF102": { "BF102": {
@@ -5226,15 +5226,15 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BF104": { "BF104": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The first task is accurate copying: listen and write down facts before transmitting so the emergency information is not lost or distorted.", "explanation": "The first task is accurate copying: listen and write down facts before transmitting so the emergency information is not lost or distorted.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_notfunk.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF105": { "BF105": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "If a rescue organisation has taken the traffic, extra amateur transmissions only risk interference, so the right action is to stay clear.", "explanation": "If a rescue organisation has taken the traffic, extra amateur transmissions only risk interference, so the right action is to stay clear.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_notfunk.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF106": { "BF106": {
@@ -5244,15 +5244,15 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"BF107": { "BF107": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "After relaying a distress message, remaining reachable lets you pass updates until professional help arrives or releases you.", "explanation": "After relaying a distress message, remaining reachable lets you pass updates until professional help arrives or releases you.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_notfunk.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF108": { "BF108": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Germany is UTC+2 during MESZ, so 23:00 UTC is 01:00 MESZ on the following local date.", "explanation": "Germany is UTC+2 during MESZ, so 23:00 UTC is 01:00 MESZ on the following local date.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_notfunk.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BF109": { "BF109": {
@@ -5262,69 +5262,69 @@
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
"BG101": { "BG101": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A logbook is the station diary: usually voluntary, but it can become mandatory when required for a particular station or case.", "explanation": "A logbook is the station diary: usually voluntary, but it can become mandatory when required for a particular station or case.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_logbuch.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG102": { "BG102": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "If log keeping is ordered, a computer log must remain readable for the required period just like a paper log.", "explanation": "If log keeping is ordered, a computer log must remain readable for the required period just like a paper log.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_logbuch.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG103": { "BG103": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Changing log software must not make ordered log data inaccessible, because the records may need later inspection.", "explanation": "Changing log software must not make ordered log data inaccessible, because the records may need later inspection.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_logbuch.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG104": { "BG104": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A QSL card confirms that a QSO took place and can serve as evidence for awards that require worked stations or countries.", "explanation": "A QSL card confirms that a QSO took place and can serve as evidence for awards that require worked stations or countries.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG105": { "BG105": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "A useful QSL must identify both stations and the contact: call signs, UTC date/time, band, mode, and signal report are the minimum facts.", "explanation": "A useful QSL must identify both stations and the contact: call signs, UTC date/time, band, mode, and signal report are the minimum facts.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG106": { "BG106": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "UTC avoids local time-zone and daylight-saving ambiguity, making it easier for foreign stations to match the card to their log.", "explanation": "UTC avoids local time-zone and daylight-saving ambiguity, making it easier for foreign stations to match the card to their log.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG107": { "BG107": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "MEZ is UTC+1, so 15:30 local standard time is 14:30 UTC.", "explanation": "MEZ is UTC+1, so 15:30 local standard time is 14:30 UTC.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG108": { "BG108": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "MESZ is UTC+2, so 13:30 local daylight-saving time is 11:30 UTC.", "explanation": "MESZ is UTC+2, so 13:30 local daylight-saving time is 11:30 UTC.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG109": { "BG109": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "'QSL via K8PYD' means K8PYD manages cards for HZ1HZ, so sending through that manager is the route to confirmation.", "explanation": "'QSL via K8PYD' means K8PYD manages cards for HZ1HZ, so sending through that manager is the route to confirmation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG110": { "BG110": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Direct QSL mailing needs a current address, which is why operators use callbooks or online call-sign information.", "explanation": "Direct QSL mailing needs a current address, which is why operators use callbooks or online call-sign information.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"BG111": { "BG111": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Electronic QSL systems and log uploads confirm the same QSO facts without exchanging a physical card.", "explanation": "Electronic QSL systems and log uploads confirm the same QSO facts without exchanging a physical card.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_qsl_karten.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"EA101": { "EA101": {
@@ -5526,8 +5526,8 @@
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"EB205": { "EB205": {
"revision": 3, "revision": 4,
"explanation": "Eddy currents induced in the conductive copper or aluminium core oppose the changing RF flux, partially cancelling the field inside the core and shrinking the effective magnetic cross-section, so inductance drops. The catalog phrases this as the field 'not penetrating' the core — a simplification of what physically happens, but the wording to memorize.", "explanation": "Eddy currents induced in the conductive copper or aluminium core oppose the changing RF flux, partially cancelling the field inside the core and shrinking the effective magnetic cross-section, so inductance drops. The 'field cannot penetrate the core' wording is a simplification of this eddy-current screening — a memorable shorthand rather than a literal account.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_spule_1.html", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_spule_1.html",
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
@@ -9402,9 +9402,9 @@
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VB105": { "VB105": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Class N is a German national class and is not covered by the CEPT visitor recommendations, so it gives no CEPT operating privilege abroad.", "explanation": "Class N is a German national class and is not covered by the CEPT visitor recommendations, so it gives no CEPT operating privilege abroad.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_funken_im_ausland.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VB106": { "VB106": {
@@ -9696,9 +9696,9 @@
"confidence": 10 "confidence": 10
}, },
"VD115": { "VD115": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "No BNetzA special permission is needed merely because the amateur station is operated in a watercraft or aircraft; other operator/vehicle permissions still matter.", "explanation": "No BNetzA special permission is needed merely because the amateur station is operated in a watercraft or aircraft; other operator/vehicle permissions still matter.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VD116": { "VD116": {
@@ -9744,9 +9744,9 @@
"confidence": 9 "confidence": 9
}, },
"VD204": { "VD204": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "The call-sign plan permits special-event suffixes up to seven characters, including digits, provided the suffix ends with a letter.", "explanation": "The call-sign plan permits special-event suffixes up to seven characters, including digits, provided the suffix ends with a letter.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Fachthemen/Telekommunikation/Frequenzen/SpezielleAnwendungen/Amateurfunk/DL_Vfg_AFu/Rufzeichenplan_10_24_Auszug_aus_Vfg_15_2025.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VD205": { "VD205": {
@@ -10404,9 +10404,9 @@
"confidence": 10 "confidence": 10
}, },
"VE515": { "VE515": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "BNetzA accepts several proof methods for amateur stations, including WattWächter, simplified assessment, measurements, and near- or far-field calculations.", "explanation": "BNetzA accepts several proof methods for amateur stations, including WattWächter, simplified assessment, measurements, and near- or far-field calculations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://www.dsc.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Verbraucher/ElektromagnetischeFelder/Anzeige_Afu/anleitung_anzeige20160616.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VE516": { "VE516": {
@@ -10440,9 +10440,9 @@
"confidence": 7 "confidence": 7
}, },
"VE602": { "VE602": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Outdoor antenna structures are building works, so the applicable construction law is the law of the German federal state where they are erected.", "explanation": "Outdoor antenna structures are building works, so the applicable construction law is the law of the German federal state where they are erected.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_antennen_baurecht_haftung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VE603": { "VE603": {
@@ -10482,21 +10482,21 @@
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VE705": { "VE705": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Aircraft operation requires the consent of the pilot in command because that person is responsible for the aircraft and onboard radio use.", "explanation": "Aircraft operation requires the consent of the pilot in command because that person is responsible for the aircraft and onboard radio use.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VE706": { "VE706": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "On a ship in international waters, amateur operation is possible only with the master's consent because the master controls shipboard operations.", "explanation": "On a ship in international waters, amateur operation is possible only with the master's consent because the master controls shipboard operations.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NE_rufzeichenzusaetze.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
}, },
"VE707": { "VE707": {
"revision": 1, "revision": 2,
"explanation": "Damage caused by an antenna installation is a civil-liability issue for the owner or operator who controls that installation.", "explanation": "Damage caused by an antenna installation is a civil-liability issue for the owner or operator who controls that installation.",
"source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "source": "https://50ohm.de/N_antennen_baurecht_haftung.html",
"confidence": 8 "confidence": 8
} }
} }
test_amateurfunk_anki.py
+17
View File
@@ -512,6 +512,23 @@ class TestRealExplanationsFile(unittest.TestCase):
categories = aa.collect_categories(catalog) categories = aa.collect_categories(catalog)
aa._check_explanation_keys_against_catalog(explanations, categories) aa._check_explanation_keys_against_catalog(explanations, categories)
def test_repo_explanations_do_not_source_the_question_catalog(self):
repo = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
explanations_path = repo / "explanations.json"
if not explanations_path.exists():
self.skipTest("explanations.json not available")
explanations = aa.load_explanations(explanations_path)
forbidden = [
"Fragenkatalog/Pruefungsfragen",
"Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschrift",
]
offenders = sorted(
key
for key, value in explanations.items()
if any(token in value["source"] for token in forbidden)
)
self.assertEqual([], offenders)
if __name__ == "__main__": if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main() unittest.main()