{
  "q_codes": [
    {
      "code": "QRG",
      "question": "Will you tell me my exact frequency?",
      "statement": "Your exact frequency is ... kHz or MHz.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Formal frequency-reporting Q-code. German-speaking amateurs also use 'QRG' informally as a noun meaning operating frequency, for example 'auf dieser QRG'.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRG?` / DO2XYZ: `Your QRG is 7.042 MHz.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRL",
      "question": "Are you busy?",
      "statement": "I am busy; please do not interfere.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "In amateur operation, QRL? is the standard short CW check meaning 'Is this frequency in use?' Listen first, send it once or twice, and wait before calling CQ.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRL?` / DO2XYZ: `QRL, in QSO.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRM",
      "question": "Is my transmission being interfered with?",
      "statement": "Your transmission is being interfered with.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Interference from other stations or man-made sources, distinct from atmospheric static (QRN). In everyday amateur speech, 'I have QRM' is also common even though the formal statement addresses the other station's transmission.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRM?` / DO2XYZ: `QRM, pse repeat report.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRN",
      "question": "Are you troubled by atmospheric noise?",
      "statement": "I am troubled by atmospheric noise (static).",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used when static crashes or atmospheric noise make reception difficult.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRN here, ur report?` / DO2XYZ: `RST 55 despite QRN.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRO",
      "question": "Shall I increase transmitter power?",
      "statement": "Increase transmitter power.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used when more power may be needed, usually after trying normal operating improvements first.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRO?` / DO2XYZ: `PSE QRO, ur weak.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRP",
      "question": "Shall I decrease transmitter power?",
      "statement": "Decrease transmitter power.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Formal request to reduce power. In everyday amateur use, QRP also describes low-power operation—typically no more than 5 W output for CW/data or 10 W PEP for SSB under the common award convention.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `PSE QRP.` / DO2XYZ: `QRP 5 W now.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRQ",
      "question": "Shall I send faster?",
      "statement": "Send faster (... words per minute).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Requests a faster Morse sending speed."
    },
    {
      "code": "QRS",
      "question": "Shall I send more slowly?",
      "statement": "Send more slowly (... words per minute).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Requests a slower Morse sending speed; common courtesy to slower operators."
    },
    {
      "code": "QRT",
      "question": "Shall I stop sending?",
      "statement": "Stop sending; I am closing down.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to close down transmission or ask another station to stop transmitting.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `I must QRT.` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, 73.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRV",
      "question": "Are you ready?",
      "statement": "I am ready.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to ask if a station is ready, or to say that a station is available for traffic.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRV?` / DO2XYZ: `QRV, go ahead.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRX",
      "question": "When will you call me again?",
      "statement": "I will call you again at ... hours on ... kHz or MHz.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "The formal code schedules a later call. In normal amateur operation, QRX followed by a duration—such as 'QRX 5'—usually means 'stand by for five minutes'.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRX 5 min.` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, standing by.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QRZ",
      "question": "Who is calling me?",
      "statement": "You are being called by ...",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Use QRZ? when a calling station was not copied. DX and contest stations also say QRZ? to invite the next caller; that widespread pile-up use is still the question form, not a separate statement meaning.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QRZ?` / DO2XYZ: `DO2XYZ calling.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QSB",
      "question": "Is the strength of my signal fading?",
      "statement": "Your signal strength is fading or fluctuating.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used when signal strength rises and falls because of propagation.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QSB?` / DO2XYZ: `Yes, strong QSB, now 55.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QSK",
      "question": "Can you hear me between your signals, and may I break in?",
      "statement": "I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Describes full break-in CW, where transmit/receive switching is fast enough to hear the band between one's own dots and dashes. Modern transceiver menus often label this feature QSK."
    },
    {
      "code": "QSL",
      "question": "Can you acknowledge receipt?",
      "statement": "I acknowledge receipt.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "On air it confirms that information was copied. A paper QSL card or electronic QSL is the later confirmation of a completed contact; that noun usage is practical amateur shorthand, not the formal statement text.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `My QTH Berlin, QSL?` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, Berlin copied.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QSO",
      "question": "Can you communicate with ... directly or by relay?",
      "statement": "I can communicate with ... directly or by relay through ...",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "The formal code concerns establishing communication. In everyday amateur speech and logging, a QSO simply means a completed or ongoing radio contact.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `Tnx for QSO.` / DO2XYZ: `Tnx also, 73.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QSY",
      "question": "Shall I change to another frequency?",
      "statement": "Change frequency; I am changing frequency.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to move a contact away from a calling frequency or crowded channel.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `PSE QSY 145.525.` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, QSY now.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "QTC",
      "question": "How many messages have you to send?",
      "statement": "I have ... messages to send.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Used in traffic handling and contests to announce a count of formal messages."
    },
    {
      "code": "QTH",
      "question": "What is your position or location?",
      "statement": "My position or location is ...",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to ask for or give the station location, often city, locator, or portable position.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `QTH?` / DO2XYZ: `QTH Munich, JN58.`"
    }
  ],
  "abbreviations": [
    {
      "code": "73",
      "meaning": "Best regards (friendly sign-off).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "The standard friendly close of a contact. Always singular: 'best 73', never '73s'.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `tnx QSO, 73!` / DO2XYZ: `73 es cuagn.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "88",
      "meaning": "Love and kisses (affectionate sign-off).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "An affectionate close, traditionally used towards a partner or in friendly mixed company."
    },
    {
      "code": "AGN",
      "meaning": "Again / please repeat.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Asks the other station to repeat something that was missed."
    },
    {
      "code": "ANT",
      "meaning": "Antenna.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common CW and logging abbreviation, for example when exchanging antenna type, height or direction."
    },
    {
      "code": "AR",
      "meaning": "End of message (prosign, sent as one run-together character).",
      "exam": false,
      "tags": ["prosign"],
      "explanation": "Marks the end of a complete transmission before the callsign exchange and K."
    },
    {
      "code": "AS",
      "meaning": "Wait / stand by (prosign).",
      "exam": false,
      "tags": ["prosign"],
      "explanation": "Asks the other station to wait briefly without ending the transmission."
    },
    {
      "code": "BK",
      "meaning": "Break — interrupt or quickly hand over a running transmission.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used in telegraphy to interrupt or quickly pass transmission without a formal over.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `... running 10 W BK` / DO2XYZ: `BK, my PWR 5 W.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "BT",
      "meaning": "Separator between parts of a message (prosign, written =).",
      "exam": false,
      "tags": ["prosign"],
      "explanation": "Run-together dah-di-di-di-dah, used like a paragraph break inside a message."
    },
    {
      "code": "BTU",
      "meaning": "Back to you.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Informal voice and digital-text handover. In formal CW procedure, K or KN is clearer."
    },
    {
      "code": "CFM",
      "meaning": "Confirm / I confirm.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Confirms information such as a report, locator, or QSL."
    },
    {
      "code": "CL",
      "meaning": "Closing down / clear (going off the air).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Sent in CW to announce that the station is closing and will not remain available for another contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "CQ",
      "meaning": "General call to any station.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to start a contact when no specific station is being called. A target narrows it, e.g. CQ DX or CQ DL.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `CQ CQ CQ de DL1ABC k` / DO2XYZ: `DL1ABC de DO2XYZ k`"
    },
    {
      "code": "CPY",
      "meaning": "Copy — receive or understand a signal.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common operating shorthand in questions such as 'HW CPY?' and replies such as 'CPY 100%'. It refers to successful reception, not making a duplicate document.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `HW CPY?` / DO2XYZ: `FB CPY, no QRM.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "CUAGN",
      "meaning": "See you again.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Compact friendly sign-off used in CW and digital text, often immediately before 73."
    },
    {
      "code": "CUL",
      "meaning": "See you later.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Friendly informal closing used mainly in CW and text modes."
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "meaning": "From / this is (precedes the sending station's call sign).",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used between the called station and own call sign, especially in CW.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `CQ de DL1ABC k` / DO2XYZ: `DL1ABC de DO2XYZ k`"
    },
    {
      "code": "DX",
      "meaning": "Long distance / distant station.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used to seek or describe long-distance contacts. The required distance depends on band: intercontinental on HF, several hundred km on VHF/UHF.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `CQ DX de DL1ABC k` / PY2XYZ: `DL1ABC de PY2XYZ k`"
    },
    {
      "code": "ES",
      "meaning": "And.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Telegraphy shorthand for 'and', from the Morse ampersand.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `73 es gud DX`"
    },
    {
      "code": "FB",
      "meaning": "Fine business — excellent / understood well.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "A general expression of approval: good, excellent, all copied."
    },
    {
      "code": "FD",
      "meaning": "Field Day (portable contest operation).",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used during Field Day contest operation to attract participating stations.",
      "example": "DL1ABC/P: `CQ FD de DL1ABC/P TEST`"
    },
    {
      "code": "GA",
      "meaning": "Good afternoon / go ahead.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Context decides the meaning: a greeting near the start of a contact, or an invitation to continue. Use K or KN for an unambiguous CW handover."
    },
    {
      "code": "GE",
      "meaning": "Good evening.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common greeting near the start of a CW or digital-text contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "GM",
      "meaning": "Good morning.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common greeting near the start of a CW or digital-text contact."
    },
    {
      "code": "GN",
      "meaning": "Good night.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Friendly closing, normally used at the end rather than as the formal end-of-contact prosign."
    },
    {
      "code": "GL",
      "meaning": "Good luck.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common friendly wish in contests, award chasing and ordinary CW or digital contacts."
    },
    {
      "code": "GUD",
      "meaning": "Good.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common CW spelling reduction, as in 'gud sig' or 'gud copy'."
    },
    {
      "code": "HI",
      "meaning": "Laughter (the Morse 'smiley').",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Written representation of laughter in telegraphy; its dot pattern sounds like a chuckle."
    },
    {
      "code": "HR",
      "meaning": "Here / hear.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "A context-dependent CW contraction: 'WX HR' means weather here, while 'HR U' means hear you."
    },
    {
      "code": "HW",
      "meaning": "How?",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Usually asks for reception or an opinion near the end of an exchange.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `HW CPY?` / DO2XYZ: `FB CPY.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "K",
      "meaning": "Invitation to transmit — go ahead / over.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used at the end of a CW transmission to invite the other station to reply.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `DO2XYZ de DL1ABC k`"
    },
    {
      "code": "KN",
      "meaning": "Go ahead, named station only (no other stations break in).",
      "exam": false,
      "tags": ["prosign"],
      "explanation": "Like K, but invites only the specific station addressed to reply."
    },
    {
      "code": "MNI",
      "meaning": "Many.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Frequent CW contraction, for example 'mni tnx' or 'mni QSOs'."
    },
    {
      "code": "NIL",
      "meaning": "Nothing / nothing heard.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Used when no signal, traffic or result was obtained, for example 'NIL HRD' in a log or net report."
    },
    {
      "code": "NR",
      "meaning": "Number.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Used before a serial number, message number or other numbered item. Restricting the card to this common operational meaning avoids the ambiguous dictionary expansion 'near'."
    },
    {
      "code": "OM",
      "meaning": "Old man — any male operator.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Friendly address for a male amateur, regardless of age."
    },
    {
      "code": "OP",
      "meaning": "Operator / the operator's name.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common when exchanging names, for example 'OP Anna', and in station descriptions such as single-op or multi-op."
    },
    {
      "code": "PSE",
      "meaning": "Please.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used as a polite request marker, e.g. PSE QRP or PSE QSY.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `PSE QSY 145.525` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, QSY.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "PWR",
      "meaning": "Power (transmitter output).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Usually followed by the RF output power and unit, for example 'PWR 5 W'. Do not confuse transmitter output with ERP or EIRP."
    },
    {
      "code": "R",
      "meaning": "Received — everything before it was copied correctly.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Sent at the start of a transmission to acknowledge full receipt of the previous one.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `R tnx report, ur RST 579` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, 73.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "RIG",
      "meaning": "Station equipment / transceiver.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Informal term for the radio equipment in use, often exchanged together with antenna and power."
    },
    {
      "code": "RPT",
      "meaning": "Repeat.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Requests retransmission of missed text. Signal report is better abbreviated RPRT, avoiding a meaning collision in the reverse card."
    },
    {
      "code": "RPRT",
      "meaning": "Report — usually a signal report.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Distinguishes the noun 'report' from RPT meaning 'repeat'. It is commonly used when asking for or sending an RST report."
    },
    {
      "code": "RR73",
      "meaning": "Report received; best regards — final FT8 acknowledgement.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "In an FT8 exchange, RR73 confirms receipt of the other station's report and closes the contact in one message. It is protocol text, not a general voice or CW abbreviation."
    },
    {
      "code": "RST",
      "meaning": "Signal report: Readability, Strength, Tone.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Three-figure reception report. In SSB only R and S are normally given (Tone applies to CW).",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `ur RST 599` / DO2XYZ: `tnx, ur 579.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "RX",
      "meaning": "Receiver.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Equipment and diagram abbreviation paired with TX. On repeater listings, RX denotes the frequency on which the station receives."
    },
    {
      "code": "SK",
      "meaning": "End of contact (prosign); also 'silent key', a deceased radio amateur.",
      "exam": false,
      "tags": ["prosign"],
      "explanation": "Sent run-together to close out a complete contact; outside operating, a Silent Key is a ham who has died."
    },
    {
      "code": "SRI",
      "meaning": "Sorry.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Brief apology in CW or digital text, often followed by a correction or repeat."
    },
    {
      "code": "SWL",
      "meaning": "Short-Wave Listener — listener who receives but does not transmit.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "SWLs monitor amateur and broadcast stations, may submit reception reports, and do not need an amateur transmitting authorization merely to receive."
    },
    {
      "code": "TEST",
      "meaning": "Contest call indicator.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Used in contest calls to show the call is for contest contacts.",
      "example": "DL1ABC: `CQ TEST de DL1ABC` / DO2XYZ: `DL1ABC de DO2XYZ 59 012`"
    },
    {
      "code": "TNX",
      "meaning": "Thanks — three-letter telegraphic abbreviation.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Very common in CW and digital text; TKS is an equivalent spelling. The explicit three-letter wording distinguishes this reverse card from TU."
    },
    {
      "code": "TU",
      "meaning": "Thank you — two-letter acknowledgement or sign-off.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Frequently used by contest or DX stations to acknowledge one caller and immediately continue, for example 'TU QRZ?'."
    },
    {
      "code": "TX",
      "meaning": "Transmitter.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Equipment and diagram abbreviation paired with RX. On repeater listings, TX denotes the frequency on which the station transmits."
    },
    {
      "code": "UR",
      "meaning": "Your / you're.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Context-dependent CW and text contraction, as in 'UR RST 579' or 'UR FB'."
    },
    {
      "code": "UTC",
      "meaning": "Coordinated Universal Time — koordinierte Weltzeit.",
      "exam": true,
      "explanation": "Use UTC for logs, schedules and QSL confirmations so both stations record the same date and time without daylight-saving ambiguity. Germany is UTC+1 in MEZ and UTC+2 in MESZ."
    },
    {
      "code": "VY",
      "meaning": "Very.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common CW contraction, for example 'vy gud' or 'vy strong'."
    },
    {
      "code": "WX",
      "meaning": "Weather.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Common conversational topic in CW and digital contacts, for example 'WX HR SUNNY'."
    },
    {
      "code": "WPM",
      "meaning": "Words Per Minute — Morse sending speed.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Standard practical speed unit for CW. Send no faster than you can reliably receive, and slow down to match a station that answers at a lower speed."
    },
    {
      "code": "XYL",
      "meaning": "Wife (ex-young-lady).",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Traditional amateur shorthand that is still encountered but can sound dated; use a person's name when known."
    },
    {
      "code": "YL",
      "meaning": "Young lady — any female operator.",
      "exam": false,
      "explanation": "Traditional term for a female radio amateur regardless of age. It remains common in names of clubs, nets and awards."
    },
    {
      "code": "MAYDAY",
      "meaning": "International distress signal (spoken). Must not be used in amateur radio traffic.",
      "exam": true,
      "tags": ["notsignal"],
      "explanation": "Used in maritime or aeronautical distress traffic, not in normal amateur radio traffic.",
      "example": "Vessel: `MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY, this is DABC.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "SOS",
      "meaning": "International distress signal (Morse). Must not be used in amateur radio traffic.",
      "exam": true,
      "tags": ["notsignal"],
      "explanation": "Used as an international distress signal, especially in Morse contexts outside amateur traffic.",
      "example": "Station: `SOS SOS SOS de DABC`"
    },
    {
      "code": "PAN PAN",
      "meaning": "International urgency signal. Must not be used in amateur radio traffic.",
      "exam": true,
      "tags": ["notsignal"],
      "explanation": "Used outside amateur radio for urgent situations that are serious but not yet distress.",
      "example": "Vessel: `PAN PAN, this is DABC, engine failure.`"
    },
    {
      "code": "SÉCURITÉ",
      "meaning": "International safety signal. Must not be used in amateur radio traffic.",
      "exam": true,
      "tags": ["notsignal"],
      "explanation": "Used outside amateur radio for safety information such as navigation or weather warnings.",
      "example": "Coast station: `SECURITE, weather warning.`"
    }
  ]
}