{ "BA101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BA110": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU spelling alphabet maps each letter to a fixed code word; digits remain digits and '/' is spoken as 'Stroke'. Using that fixed mapping makes the call sign unambiguous over radio.", "source": "https://life.itu.int/radioclub/rr/ap14.pdf", "confidence": 9 }, "BB101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Abbreviations and Q groups compress common operating messages, so slow text modes carry more meaning per character and keep contacts concise.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CQ is the standard open invitation to any station, not a call to one named station.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "DX is operating shorthand for a distant station or long-distance contact; the distance threshold depends on band and propagation.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "On VHF/UHF, normal local coverage is limited, so DX means stations well beyond local range, typically more than a few hundred kilometres away.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "On 80 m at night, intercontinental propagation is plausible, so 'CQ DX' asks for stations from other continents rather than nearby stations.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "TX, RX, and TRX follow the transmit/receive naming convention: transmitter, receiver, and a combined transceiver.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CW names the continuous carrier used for Morse telegraphy; the information is keyed by interrupting or shifting that carrier.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "BK is the telegraphy break signal: it interrupts the current transmission or hands over informally without the full closing sequence.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "K is the procedural invitation to transmit, so it marks that the other station may answer.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB110": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "R at the start of a telegraphy over means 'received', confirming that the previous transmission was copied.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB201": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "These Q groups encode common reception conditions: QRM is man-made interference, QRN is atmospheric noise, and QSB asks about fading.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB202": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "With a question mark, QRO asks about increasing power, QSO asks about direct communication, and QRX asks when the next call should happen.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB203": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "QRT orders stopping transmission, QRZ asks who is calling, and QSL? asks whether reception can be confirmed.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB204": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "QRV states readiness, QRM? asks whether interference is present, and QTH gives a station location.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB205": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "QRP is the operating signal for reducing transmitter power, so 'PSE QRP' is a polite request to turn it down.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BB206": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "QSY is the operating signal for changing frequency, so 'PSE QSY' asks you to move to another frequency.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BC101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 10 m amateur band is around 28 MHz, which lies in the 3-30 MHz HF shortwave range.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 2 m band is around 144-146 MHz, which lies in the 30-300 MHz VHF range.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 70 cm band is around 430-440 MHz, which lies in the 300-3000 MHz UHF range.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "HF is defined as 3-30 MHz; those wavelengths are roughly 100 m to 10 m, hence shortwave/KW.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "VHF is defined as 30-300 MHz; in German amateur practice this is the UKW range.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "UHF is defined as 300-3000 MHz; its wavelengths are in the decimetre range.", "source": "ITU Radio Regulations, Article 2", "confidence": 9 }, "BC201": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "IARU band plans are coordination recommendations, not law, but following them prevents incompatible modes from crowding each other.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC202": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The HF band-plan convention uses lower sideband below 10 MHz, so 80 m normally uses LSB.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC203": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The HF band-plan convention uses upper sideband above 10 MHz, so 20 m normally uses USB.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC204": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Band plans put narrow Morse activity at the lower edge of most bands, leaving wider modes farther up the band.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC205": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The Region 1 VHF plan marks 145.500 MHz as the 2 m FM calling frequency, so it is used for general FM calls.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC206": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The Region 1 UHF plan marks 433.500 MHz as the 70 cm FM calling frequency, so it is used for general FM calls.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC207": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 2 m band plan lists 145.375 MHz for digital voice calling, separating it from analogue FM calling traffic.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC208": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 70 cm band plan lists 433.450 MHz for digital voice calling, separating it from analogue FM calling traffic.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC209": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "145.450 MHz falls in the 2 m FM simplex channel area, so it is suitable for an FM voice contact under the band plan.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC210": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "144.310 MHz sits near the 144.300 MHz SSB centre of activity, so it is appropriate for 2 m SSB voice.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC211": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 2 m band plan uses 144.300 MHz as the SSB centre of activity.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC212": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 70 cm band plan uses 432.200 MHz as the SSB centre of activity.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC213": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "144.075 MHz lies in the narrow Morse-preferred segment, so wider or keyboard digital modes should use their own segments.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC214": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Around 144.125 MHz the 2 m band plan is for Morse and narrow digital work, not local FM voice.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC215": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Around 144.450 MHz the 2 m band plan reserves beacon use, so an ordinary local FM QSO would occupy the wrong segment.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC216": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The 145.500-145.5625 MHz FM simplex area is channelised for narrow FM, so keeping to about 12 kHz avoids adjacent-channel interference.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC217": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "145.600 MHz is in the 2 m repeater output area, so a direct local FM contact would interfere with repeater operation.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC218": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "145.800 MHz belongs to the 2 m space-communication segment, so it should be kept clear for satellite and other space contacts.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC219": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "432.040 MHz lies in the 70 cm Morse/narrow digital segment, so local FM voice would be the wrong bandwidth and mode there.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC220": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "432.450 MHz is assigned to beacon activity in the 70 cm plan, so it should not be used for an ordinary local FM contact.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC221": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "435.500 MHz lies in the 70 cm satellite segment, so terrestrial local FM would risk interfering with satellite operation.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BC222": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "439.200 MHz is in the 70 cm repeater output area, so a direct local FM contact would occupy repeater spectrum.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BD101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "German club-station call signs use zero in the numeral position; DA0ABC therefore identifies a club station.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "AFuV §16 allows BNetzA to permit special experimental or technical-scientific studies and to make that dependent on assigning another call sign.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BD103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "DL0 is in the German club-station pattern for class A, and the zero distinguishes it from person-bound DL1-DL9 calls.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "In the German call-sign plan, DL1-DL9 with normal two- or three-letter suffixes are person-bound class A call signs.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The German call-sign plan assigns DN9 to person-bound class N call signs.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The German call-sign plan assigns DO1-DO9 with normal suffixes to person-bound class E call signs.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__10.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "DP0GVN is one of the German exterritorial class A station patterns; DP0 is used for special locations outside ordinary German territory.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "DP0POL follows the same exterritorial class A pattern as other German Antarctic or special-location stations.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Low-power transmitters for direction finding may identify with short MO-series markers instead of a normal amateur call sign.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD201": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The suffix /am means aeronautical mobile: the station is operating from an aircraft.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD202": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "VE is a Canadian call-sign series, and /am adds that the station is being operated from an aircraft.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD203": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The suffix /m means mobile; for amateur operation that includes a station moving in a land vehicle.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD204": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The suffix /m can also mark mobile operation on inland waterways, distinct from /mm on the high seas.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD205": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The suffix /mm means maritime mobile, so the station is aboard a vessel at sea rather than on land or inland water.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BD206": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The suffix /p is used as extra information for portable or temporarily fixed operation.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD207": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "AFuV allows internationally customary suffixes but does not require /p for portable or temporary fixed operation in Germany.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BD208": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "AFuV §11 names Remote for speech and /R for telegraphy or digital modes when marking remote operation.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BD209": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For training operation, AFuV §11 requires /Trainee in speech, so the trainee uses the instructor's call sign plus that suffix.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BD210": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Training operation may use the club-station call sign, but AFuV §11 requires the training suffix /Trainee for speech or /T for telegraphy/digital modes.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BD211": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For training in Morse or digital modes, AFuV §11 requires the short /T suffix on the instructor's call sign.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BD212": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CEPT guest operation uses the visited country's prefix before the home call sign, so a UK G3MM station temporarily in Germany signs with DL/.", "source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321", "confidence": 9 }, "BD213": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CEPT Novice guest operation in Switzerland uses the Swiss novice visitor prefix HB3 before the German class E call sign.", "source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768", "confidence": 9 }, "BD214": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CEPT guest operation in Switzerland uses the Swiss HB9 prefix before the German class A call sign.", "source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321", "confidence": 9 }, "BD301": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Unknown prefixes are a lookup item: the ITU call-sign allocation table, handbooks, and callbooks map prefix blocks to countries.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD302": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "ITU call-sign series split DA-DR to Germany, DS-DT to South Korea, and DU-DZ to the Philippines.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD303": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps OE to Austria, ON to Belgium, and OK to Czechia.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD304": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps OE to Austria, PA to the Netherlands, and SM to Sweden.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD305": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps F to France, PA to the Netherlands, and SP to Poland.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD306": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps SM to Sweden, SP to Poland, and ZS to South Africa.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD307": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps 4X to Israel, F to France, and OZ to Denmark.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD308": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps EA to Spain, EI to Ireland, EK to Armenia, EM to Ukraine, and ES to Estonia.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD309": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps VE to Canada, VK to Australia, and PY to Brazil.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD310": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps HB9 to Switzerland, EA to Spain, and ON to Belgium.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD311": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps EA to Spain, LX to Luxembourg, and SP to Poland.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD312": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps W to the United States, ZL to New Zealand, and LU to Argentina.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD313": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The ITU prefix table maps BY to China, VE to Canada, and VK to Australia.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD314": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "F, HB9, OZ, and SP correspond to France, Switzerland, Denmark, and Poland, all neighbours of Germany.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD315": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "K and W are United States call-sign series, so K3LR, W3DZZ, and K4EAX are all US-style calls.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD316": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "W, VE, and XE identify the United States, Canada, and Mexico; all three are on North America.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD317": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "PY, CE, and LU identify Brazil, Chile, and Argentina, all in South America.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BD318": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "BY, JA, and VU identify China, Japan, and India, all in Asia.", "source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns", "confidence": 9 }, "BE101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A contact starts either as a general call, a directed call, or an answer to a call; in every case the own call sign identifies the transmitting station.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BE102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Answering CQ first names the station being called, then gives your own call sign once, which makes both sides of the intended contact clear.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A partial call containing your suffix is not enough certainty, so asking whether you were called avoids answering for another station.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "In English phone procedure, name the station you are calling first and then identify yourself with 'this is' plus your call sign.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A clear frequency may still be in use, so asking whether it is occupied before calling CQ reduces accidental interference.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "On higher HF bands, skip propagation can create a dead zone: you may not hear a nearby station that is nevertheless using the frequency.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "145.500 MHz is a calling channel; after contact is made, moving by QSY keeps the calling channel available for others.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BE108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "After your CQ contact ends, the original frequency should not become a queue; arranging QSY keeps the calling or working frequency usable.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "On 2 m and 70 cm, 'DX' means well beyond normal local range, so local or nearby stations should wait.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE110": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CQ VK/ZL is a directed CQ for Australia and New Zealand prefixes, so a non-VK/ZL station should not answer.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE111": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The Maidenhead locator encodes geographic position into grid fields and squares, giving a compact location reference for radio contacts.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE112": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A CW CQ repeats CQ and the own call sign, uses DE for 'from', and ends with K to invite replies.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE113": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CQ DL is a directed general call for German stations, and PSE K politely invites those stations to answer.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE114": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CQ DX on 20 m asks for distant intercontinental contacts; a European station should not answer a Swiss station's DX call.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE115": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "QRZ? asks 'who is calling me?' and in a pile-up it is also used to invite the next callers.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE116": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "CQ FD and TEST mark contest traffic for Field Day, and /P says the station is operating portable.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE117": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Matching or slowing down to the caller's Morse speed improves copy and avoids forcing the other operator beyond their receive speed.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE118": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Morse should be sent no faster than you can copy and adjusted to slower stations, because reliable exchange matters more than speed.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE201": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "RST is a compact reception report, so it summarizes how well the signal can be read and, where relevant, its strength and tone.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE202": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The letters name the three report dimensions: Readability, Strength, and Tone.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE203": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The RST scale uses R 1-5 for readability, S 1-9 for signal strength, and T 1-9 for tone quality.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE204": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and an S-meter reading of 5 gives report 55.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE205": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and S9 gives report 59.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE206": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy plus an S9 reading 20 dB over S9 is reported as 59+20 dB.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE207": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and the displayed S5 gives report 55.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE208": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy gives R5 and the displayed S9 gives report 59.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE209": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "For SSB phone the tone digit is omitted; clear copy plus a displayed value 20 dB over S9 is reported as 59+20 dB.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE210": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "SSTV sends pictures, so the practical way to report image quality is to include the report text in the transmitted image itself.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE301": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Contests are structured operating exercises: competition pressure improves station setup, operator skill, and operating technique.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BE302": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Contest scoring rewards many valid contacts in limited time, so exchanges are deliberately short and standardized.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE303": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A contest QSO counts only if both stations exchange the data required by that contest's rules.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE304": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "In a Sprint contest, handing over the frequency after each QSO prevents one station from holding the run frequency continuously.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE305": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A pile-up is what happens when many stations call the same desirable station at once.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE306": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "'Only number 3' filters a pile-up by the numeral in the call sign, so only calls with 3 between prefix and suffix should call.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE307": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "List operation uses a strong control station to collect callers and call them in order, reducing chaos around a rare station.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE308": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Split operation separates transmit and receive frequencies, letting a rare station listen where callers transmit while keeping its own transmit frequency clear.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE309": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "'Split up 14270 to 14280' means the station transmits on its announced frequency but listens for callers across that higher range.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE310": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "'5 up' means the wanted station listens 5 kHz above its transmit frequency, so callers must transmit there and listen on the station's frequency.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE311": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "'Tuning 290 to 300 up' gives the listening window by shorthand: transmit between 14290 and 14300 kHz while listening to 14205 kHz.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE312": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A DX-pedition deliberately activates a rare country or island so other amateurs can work a location that is normally hard to hear.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE313": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "ARDF is a direction-finding contest: operators use portable receivers to locate hidden low-power transmitters that transmit briefly.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE401": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A repeater is duplex: users transmit to its input, and the repeater retransmits what it hears on its output.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE402": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "German 2 m repeaters conventionally use a -600 kHz shift, so the input is 600 kHz below the output.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BE403": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "German 70 cm repeaters conventionally use a -7.6 MHz shift, so the input is 7.6 MHz below the output.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/VHF_Handbook_V10_02.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BE404": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A short pause before each over leaves a gap for another station to break in without doubling.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE405": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Clear handover tells everyone whose turn it is, which prevents two stations from transmitting at the same time.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE406": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Repeaters are shared resources, and short overs leave access opportunities for mobile and portable users with changing signal conditions.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE407": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Wide FM spills into adjacent repeater inputs and can overdrive a narrow repeater receiver, causing interference or distorted retransmission.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE408": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Over a repeater, your S-meter reads the repeater's downlink, not the other user's uplink, so only readability describes the other user's signal.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE409": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Beacons provide known reference signals; hearing or not hearing them indicates current propagation conditions.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE410": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The International Beacon Project uses fixed beacon slots, so keeping those narrow ranges clear preserves their propagation-monitoring value.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/hf_r1_bandplan.pdf", "confidence": 7 }, "BE411": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Uplink is the direction from an earth station up to the satellite.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE412": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Downlink is the direction from the satellite down to earth stations.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE413": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Azimuth is the horizontal bearing angle used to point an antenna around the horizon.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE414": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Elevation is the vertical pointing angle above the horizon used to track a satellite.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE415": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "OSCAR expands to Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio, the usual name for amateur-radio satellites.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BE416": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A satellite transponder receives signals on one band, translates them to another frequency range, and retransmits them back toward Earth.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Outside amateur radio, the internationally recognised distress signals are Mayday for voice and SOS for Morse or signalling.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "AFuV §16 forbids using the international distress, urgency, and safety signals of maritime and aeronautical mobile services in amateur radio.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html", "confidence": 10 }, "BF103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "If normal communication is unavailable, amateur radio can support emergency assistance by relaying the request to someone who can contact police or rescue services.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BF104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "The first task is accurate copying: listen and write down facts before transmitting so the emergency information is not lost or distorted.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "If a rescue organisation has taken the traffic, extra amateur transmissions only risk interference, so the right action is to stay clear.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "When no one else answers and you can help, acknowledging the distress traffic and alerting official emergency services is the useful relay path.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html", "confidence": 9 }, "BF107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "After relaying a distress message, remaining reachable lets you pass updates until professional help arrives or releases you.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Germany is UTC+2 during MESZ, so 23:00 UTC is 01:00 MESZ on the following local date.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BF109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "IARU Region 1 designates these HF centres of activity for emergency communication, so they should be kept clear for that use.", "source": "https://www.iaru-r1.org/about-us/committees-and-working-groups/emcomm/emergency-communications-frequencies/", "confidence": 7 }, "BG101": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A logbook is the station diary: usually voluntary, but it can become mandatory when required for a particular station or case.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG102": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "If log keeping is ordered, a computer log must remain readable for the required period just like a paper log.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG103": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Changing log software must not make ordered log data inaccessible, because the records may need later inspection.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG104": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A QSL card confirms that a QSO took place and can serve as evidence for awards that require worked stations or countries.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG105": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "A useful QSL must identify both stations and the contact: call signs, UTC date/time, band, mode, and signal report are the minimum facts.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG106": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "UTC avoids local time-zone and daylight-saving ambiguity, making it easier for foreign stations to match the card to their log.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG107": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "MEZ is UTC+1, so 15:30 local standard time is 14:30 UTC.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG108": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "MESZ is UTC+2, so 13:30 local daylight-saving time is 11:30 UTC.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG109": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "'QSL via K8PYD' means K8PYD manages cards for HZ1HZ, so sending through that manager is the route to confirmation.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG110": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Direct QSL mailing needs a current address, which is why operators use callbooks or online call-sign information.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 }, "BG111": { "revision": 1, "explanation": "Electronic QSL systems and log uploads confirm the same QSO facts without exchanging a physical card.", "source": "https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Sachgebiete/Telekommunikation/Unternehmen_Institutionen/Frequenzen/Amateurfunk/Fragenkatalog/BetriebVorschriftFragKlAuEId7830pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile", "confidence": 8 } }