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Update quality of references and satellite decks

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This commit is contained in:
Renat Nurgaliyev
2026-06-22 11:36:26 +02:00
parent c5c5f5f18e
commit c1603b1643
3 changed files with 260 additions and 203 deletions
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technical.json
+110 -84
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@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Doppelseitenbandmodulation — double-sideband modulation.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Both sidebands are transmitted; with the carrier suppressed it is DSB-SC, the starting point for generating SSB."
"explanation": "Both sidebands are transmitted. The carrier may be present, as in conventional AM, or suppressed, as in DSB-SC; suppressing one of the two sidebands produces SSB."
},
{
"code": "SSB",
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Einseitenbandmodulation — single sideband.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Only one sideband is sent and the carrier is suppressed, making it the most bandwidth- and power-efficient analogue voice mode on HF."
"explanation": "Only one sideband is transmitted and the carrier is normally suppressed. Compared with conventional AM, SSB uses about half the bandwidth and does not waste transmitter power on a full carrier, which is why it dominates analogue HF voice."
},
{
"code": "USB",
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@
"code": "ASK",
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Amplitude Shift Keying — Amplitudenumtastung.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Digital symbols are represented by discrete carrier amplitudes. Simple on-off keying is the two-state special case; unlike FM or PSK, amplitude noise directly affects the keyed quantity."
},
{
"code": "QAM",
@@ -88,20 +89,21 @@
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Radioteletype — Funkfernschreiben.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Classic FSK teleprinter mode using the 5-bit Baudot code."
"explanation": "Classic teleprinter operation using frequency-shift keying and the five-bit ITA2 alphabet, commonly called Baudot. On amateur HF it is usually copied with software rather than a mechanical teleprinter."
},
{
"code": "PSK31",
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Phase-Shift Keying, 31 Baud — narrowband keyboard digital mode.",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Phase Shift Keying at 31.25 baud — narrowband keyboard digital mode.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The name is conventionally rounded: the symbol rate is 31.25 baud. This live keyboard-to-keyboard HF mode is very narrow, but overdriving an SSB transmitter produces a needlessly wide, distorted signal."
},
{
"code": "FT8",
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "digitale Schwachsignal-Betriebsart (WSJT-X) — weak-signal digital mode.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Highly sensitive mode with fixed 15-second transmit slots; decodes signals well below the noise floor."
"explanation": "A structured weak-signal mode with synchronized 15-second periods and short, highly constrained exchanges. It can decode signals far below the audible noise floor, but it is intended for brief contacts rather than conversation."
},
{
"code": "WSPR",
@@ -129,52 +131,57 @@
"category": "Betriebsart",
"meaning": "Schmalband-FM — narrowband FM.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "FM with reduced deviation (e.g. a 12.5 kHz channel), the usual form for amateur FM voice."
"explanation": "FM with limited frequency deviation and occupied bandwidth. It is the normal analogue voice mode on VHF/UHF repeaters and simplex channels; channel spacing and occupied bandwidth are related but are not the same quantity."
},
{
"code": "MF",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Mittelwelle — medium frequency, 300 kHz to 3 MHz.",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Medium Frequency — 300 kHz to 3 MHz (Mittelwelle).",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The ITU band containing the amateur 630 m and 160 m allocations. In practice these low bands need large or electrically shortened antennas and are strongly affected by ground loss and nighttime propagation."
},
{
"code": "KW",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Kurzwelle — shortwave / HF, 3 to 30 MHz.",
"meaning": "Kurzwelle — shortwave, 3 to 30 MHz.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The classic long-distance amateur range; relies on ionospheric (skywave) propagation."
"explanation": "The German name for the ITU HF band. This is the classic long-distance amateur range, where ionospheric propagation can support regional or worldwide contacts."
},
{
"code": "UKW",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Ultrakurzwelle — VHF, 30 to 300 MHz.",
"meaning": "Ultrakurzwelle — German name for 30 to 300 MHz.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Mostly line-of-sight propagation; home of FM voice and repeaters. In the BNetzA band names UKW is exactly VHF; 300 MHz to 3 GHz is UHF / Dezimeterwelle. Colloquially 'UKW' is sometimes stretched to mean VHF and up, but that is not the exam definition."
},
{
"code": "VHF",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Very High Frequency — 30 to 300 MHz (UKW).",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Very High Frequency — ITU band from 30 to 300 MHz.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The international designation corresponding to German UKW. The 2 m amateur band is the main practical example, used for local SSB/CW, FM simplex, repeaters, satellites and weak-signal work."
},
{
"code": "UHF",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Ultra High Frequency — 300 MHz to 3 GHz.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Includes the amateur 70 cm, 23 cm and 13 cm bands. Propagation is mainly line of sight, although repeaters, satellites, tropospheric enhancement and reflection can extend the range."
},
{
"code": "SHF",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Super High Frequency — 3 to 30 GHz (Mikrowellen).",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Microwave range containing several amateur bands. Feed-line loss, connector quality and accurate antenna alignment become increasingly important, so the transverter or low-noise amplifier is often mounted near the antenna."
},
{
"code": "EHF",
"category": "Band",
"meaning": "Extremely High Frequency — 30 to 300 GHz.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Millimetre-wave range containing experimental amateur allocations. Operation is specialized because atmospheric absorption, mechanical tolerances and feed-line losses are severe."
},
{
@@ -187,28 +194,30 @@
{
"code": "HF",
"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
"meaning": "Hochfrequenz — radio frequency (RF), above the audio range.",
"meaning": "Hochfrequenz — German technical term for a radio-frequency signal.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "In German usage HF denotes RF signals in general, not specifically the 3 to 30 MHz band (that band is called KW / Kurzwelle)."
"explanation": "In German circuit descriptions, HF contrasts with NF and can mean radio-frequency energy generally. In the international ITU band names, however, HF specifically means 3 to 30 MHz; the German exam normally calls that range KW. Context decides which use is intended."
},
{
"code": "ZF",
"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
"meaning": "Zwischenfrequenz — intermediate frequency (IF).",
"meaning": "Zwischenfrequenz — German abbreviation for intermediate frequency.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The fixed frequency a superheterodyne receiver mixes the signal to, where most selective amplification and filtering happens."
},
{
"code": "IF",
"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
"meaning": "Intermediate Frequency — englische Bezeichnung für die Zwischenfrequenz (ZF).",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Intermediate Frequency — English abbreviation for an intermediate frequency.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "English-language manuals and schematics use this where German material uses ZF. A superheterodyne receiver converts the wanted signal to this fixed frequency for most of its filtering and gain."
},
{
"code": "RF",
"category": "Signal & Frequenz",
"meaning": "Radio Frequency — englische Bezeichnung für Hochfrequenz (HF).",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Radio Frequency — English term for a radio-frequency signal.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "The usual English label for signals and circuitry at radio frequencies. German schematics commonly label the same signal domain HF."
},
{
@@ -250,7 +259,8 @@
"code": "LO",
"category": "Baugruppe",
"meaning": "Lokaloszillator — local (mixing) oscillator.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Provides the frequency mixed with the received or transmitted signal. The sum or difference product is selected, for example to convert an amateur band to a fixed intermediate frequency."
},
{
"code": "AGC",
@@ -270,7 +280,8 @@
"code": "PA",
"category": "Baugruppe",
"meaning": "Endstufe / Leistungsverstärker — power amplifier.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The final transmitter stage that raises the RF signal to the required output power. It must be driven within its linear range for SSB and digital modes to avoid splatter and intermodulation."
},
{
"code": "LNA",
@@ -290,27 +301,29 @@
"code": "TRX",
"category": "Baugruppe",
"meaning": "Transceiver — combined transmitter and receiver.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Common shorthand in German amateur-radio diagrams and operating notes for a radio that shares controls and circuitry between transmit and receive."
},
{
"code": "VOX",
"category": "Baugruppe & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Voice-Operated Transmit — sprachgesteuerte Sendeumschaltung.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Switches a transceiver to transmit when microphone audio exceeds a threshold. Set gain, delay and anti-VOX carefully so loudspeaker audio or room noise does not key the transmitter accidentally."
},
{
"code": "Balun",
"category": "Baugruppe",
"meaning": "Symmetrierglied — balanced-to-unbalanced transformer.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Couples a balanced antenna (e.g. a dipole) to an unbalanced coax feed, suppressing currents on the outside of the shield."
},
{
"code": "Diode",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Diode — conducts current in one direction only.",
"exam": true
"explanation": "Interfaces a balanced load, such as a dipole, with an unbalanced feed line such as coax. Common-mode suppression depends on the balun type: a suitable current balun or choke is needed when feed-line current must be blocked."
},
{
"code": "LED",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Leuchtdiode — light-emitting diode.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Emits light when forward biased and requires current limiting. In station equipment it is commonly used for status indication and display backlighting."
},
{
"code": "FET",
@@ -330,25 +343,27 @@
"code": "BJT",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Bipolartransistor — bipolar junction transistor.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "A current-controlled transistor using both electron and hole conduction. NPN and PNP devices are used in switching and amplifier stages."
},
{
"code": "IC",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "integrierter Schaltkreis — integrated circuit.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Many components and circuit functions fabricated on one semiconductor chip, from simple voltage regulators to complete mixers, synthesizers and processors."
},
{
"code": "NTC",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Heißleiter — NTC thermistor (negative temperature coefficient).",
"meaning": "Heißleiter — thermistor with a negative temperature coefficient.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Its resistance falls as temperature rises; used for temperature sensing and inrush limiting."
},
{
"code": "PTC",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Kaltleiter — PTC thermistor (positive temperature coefficient).",
"meaning": "Kaltleiter — thermistor with a positive temperature coefficient.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Its resistance rises as temperature rises; used as a resettable fuse and for protection."
},
@@ -356,7 +371,8 @@
"code": "LDR",
"category": "Bauteil",
"meaning": "Fotowiderstand — light-dependent resistor.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Its resistance decreases as illumination increases. It is useful for light sensing but is slower than a photodiode or phototransistor."
},
{
"code": "VDR",
@@ -369,15 +385,16 @@
{
"code": "dB",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Dezibel — logarithmic ratio of two powers (10·log₁₀).",
"meaning": "Dezibel — logarithmic ratio.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "+3 dB is roughly double the power, +10 dB ten times. As a power ratio it is relative, not an absolute level."
"explanation": "For power ratios use 10·log₁₀(P₂/P₁); for voltage or current ratios under the same impedance use 20·log₁₀. +3 dB is about twice the power and +10 dB is ten times. Plain dB is relative, unlike dBm or dBW."
},
{
"code": "dBi",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Gewinn über Isotropstrahler — gain relative to an isotropic radiator.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "An antenna gain reference, not transmitter power. Because a half-wave dipole has about 2.15 dBi gain, a value in dBi is 2.15 dB higher than the same gain stated in dBd."
},
{
"code": "dBd",
@@ -397,34 +414,29 @@
"code": "dBW",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Pegel bezogen auf 1 W — power level referenced to 1 watt.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "An absolute logarithmic power level: 0 dBW = 1 W and 10 dBW = 10 W. To convert dBW to dBm, add 30 dB."
},
{
"code": "SWR",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Stehwellenverhältnis — standing wave ratio.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Ratio of the standing wave's maximum to minimum on the feed line; 1:1 is a perfect match, higher values mean more reflected power."
},
{
"code": "VSWR",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Spannungs-Stehwellenverhältnis — voltage standing wave ratio.",
"exam": false
"explanation": "Normally the ratio of maximum to minimum RF voltage along a feed line. 1:1 is a perfect match; a higher value indicates a larger reflection, but does not by itself identify whether the antenna, feed line or another component causes the mismatch."
},
{
"code": "ERP",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "effektive Strahlungsleistung — effective radiated power.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Power referenced to a half-wave dipole: transmitter power minus losses, times the antenna gain in dBd."
"explanation": "Radiated power referenced to a half-wave dipole. In linear units, multiply power delivered to the antenna by antenna gain relative to a dipole; in decibel units, subtract feed losses and add gain in dBd."
},
{
"code": "EIRP",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "äquivalente isotrope Strahlungsleistung — equivalent isotropically radiated power.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Like ERP but referenced to an isotropic radiator; EIRP = ERP + 2.15 dB."
"explanation": "Radiated power referenced to an ideal isotropic radiator. For the same station, EIRP is 1.64 times ERP; when both powers are expressed logarithmically, EIRP is 2.15 dB higher."
},
{
"code": "PEP",
@@ -445,26 +457,29 @@
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Güte — quality factor of a resonant circuit.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Ratio of stored to dissipated energy; a higher Q means a narrower, sharper resonance."
"explanation": "At resonance, Q = 2π times the energy stored divided by the energy lost per cycle; equivalently it is approximately resonant frequency divided by bandwidth. Higher Q gives a narrower response but also a smaller usable bandwidth."
},
{
"code": "SNR",
"category": "Messgröße & Leistung",
"meaning": "Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis — signal-to-noise ratio.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Compares wanted signal power with noise power, normally in dB and for a stated bandwidth. Narrowing the receiver bandwidth reduces admitted noise and can improve readability even though the received carrier power is unchanged."
},
{
"code": "AC",
"category": "Strom & Spannung",
"meaning": "Wechselstrom / Wechselspannung — alternating current.",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Alternating Current — Wechselstrom; also used for alternating voltage.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Current whose direction changes periodically. Station mains supplies are AC; power supplies rectify and smooth it to provide the DC required by most transceivers."
},
{
"code": "DC",
"category": "Strom & Spannung",
"meaning": "Gleichstrom / Gleichspannung — direct current.",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Direct Current — Gleichstrom; also used for direct voltage.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Current with constant polarity. Most mobile amateur equipment is designed for a nominal 13.8 V DC supply, where correct polarity and adequate cable size are essential."
},
{
@@ -472,21 +487,21 @@
"category": "Ausbreitung",
"meaning": "höchste brauchbare Frequenz — maximum usable frequency.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "The highest frequency the ionosphere still reflects back for a given path; above it the signal escapes into space."
"explanation": "The highest frequency that is refracted back to Earth for a specified path and time. Above it, that ionospheric path normally fails; the value changes with distance, solar conditions, season and time of day."
},
{
"code": "LUF",
"category": "Ausbreitung",
"meaning": "niedrigste brauchbare Frequenz — lowest usable frequency.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Below it absorption (mainly in the D layer) makes the path unusable."
"explanation": "The lowest frequency that still provides the required signal quality on a specified path. Below it, ionospheric absorption and atmospheric noise usually dominate; it is an operational limit, not a fixed band boundary."
},
{
"code": "NVIS",
"category": "Ausbreitung",
"meaning": "Steilstrahlung — near-vertical incidence skywave.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Near-vertical HF radiation that comes back down over a wide area, giving gap-free regional coverage out to a few hundred km."
"explanation": "Uses high-angle HF radiation refracted back to Earth for regional communication, typically on 160, 80, 60 or 40 m depending on conditions. It can cover the skip zone of lower-angle paths, but coverage is never guaranteed."
},
{
@@ -494,74 +509,84 @@
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Digital Mobile Radio — digitale Sprach- und Datenbetriebsart.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "TDMA digital voice standard widely used on amateur repeaters and networks."
"explanation": "An ETSI digital mobile-radio standard using two-slot TDMA on a 12.5 kHz carrier. Amateur Tier II operation is common on repeaters and hotspots; talkgroups and timeslots must be selected correctly."
},
{
"code": "D-STAR",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "digitale Sprach- und Datenbetriebsart (ICOM/JARL).",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Digital Smart Technologies for Amateur Radio — digital voice and data system.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "An open amateur-radio specification developed through JARL. Callsign routing and reflector linking are common in practice; Icom is a major equipment vendor, not part of the abbreviation."
},
{
"code": "C4FM",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Continuous 4-level FM — Yaesu System Fusion digital voice.",
"exam": true
"meaning": "Continuous 4-Level Frequency Modulation — four-level digital modulation.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Maps dibits to four frequency deviations. Yaesu System Fusion uses C4FM, but the modulation name and the complete network/system are not synonymous."
},
{
"code": "APRS",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Automatic Packet Reporting System — Positions- und Telemetriedaten über Packet.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Shares position, status, telemetry, messages and objects, commonly as 1200-baud packet on 144.800 MHz in Europe. Use an appropriate path and beacon rate to avoid unnecessary channel congestion."
},
{
"code": "TNC",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Terminal Node Controller — Packet-Radio-Modem.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Interfaces a computer or terminal with a radio and handles packet framing and modulation. Modern APRS stations often implement the same functions in software."
},
{
"code": "AX.25",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Amateurfunk-Datenprotokoll — amateur packet-radio link protocol.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Amateur adaptation of X.25 used for packet radio and APRS frames. It carries amateur callsigns in the link-layer addresses and can support connected or unconnected operation."
},
{
"code": "CTCSS",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"category": "Signalisierung & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System — subaudible tone squelch.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "A low-frequency tone below the audio that opens a repeater's or receiver's squelch only for stations sending the matching tone."
"explanation": "A continuous low audio-frequency tone, typically 67 to 254 Hz, that allows a repeater or receiver to open only for the selected tone. 'Subaudible' means it is normally filtered from the loudspeaker audio, not that it lies below the human hearing range."
},
{
"code": "DTMF",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"category": "Signalisierung & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency — Mehrfrequenzwahlverfahren.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Each key sends one tone from a low group and one from a high group. Amateur stations use it mainly for repeater control, link commands and legacy telephone interconnects."
},
{
"code": "DCS",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"category": "Signalisierung & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Digital-Coded Squelch — digitale Rauschsperrencodierung.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Sends a continuous low-rate digital code with analogue FM so a receiver opens only for the selected code. It serves a similar access-filtering purpose to CTCSS but is not a digital voice mode."
},
{
"code": "PTT",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"category": "Baugruppe & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Push To Talk — Sendetaste.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Keys the transmitter while pressed. Confirm that the frequency is clear before using it, and allow a brief pause after keying a repeater so the first syllable is not clipped."
},
{
"code": "SDR",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"meaning": "Software Defined Radio — softwaredefiniertes Funkgerät.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Implements functions such as mixing, filtering and demodulation in software or programmable logic. An SDR still needs suitable analogue RF filtering, gain control and conversion hardware."
},
{
"code": "RIT",
"category": "Digital & Daten",
"category": "Baugruppe & Bedienung",
"meaning": "Receiver Incremental Tuning — Empfänger-Feinverstimmung.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Shifts only the receive frequency while leaving transmit frequency unchanged. It is useful when the other station is slightly off frequency; reset it afterward to avoid later tuning confusion."
},
{
@@ -610,7 +635,8 @@
"code": "AFu",
"category": "Organisation & Vorschrift",
"meaning": "Amateurfunk — amateur radio.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common German written abbreviation in terms such as AFuG and AFuV. It is mainly documentation shorthand rather than something spoken during a contact."
}
]
}