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Update quality of references and satellite decks

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This commit is contained in:
Renat Nurgaliyev
2026-06-22 11:36:26 +02:00
parent c5c5f5f18e
commit c1603b1643
3 changed files with 260 additions and 203 deletions
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shorthand.json
+142 -112
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@@ -1,47 +1,27 @@
{
"q_codes": [
{
"code": "QRA",
"question": "What is the name (call sign) of your station?",
"statement": "The name of my station is ...",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Asks for or gives the station's name or call sign."
},
{
"code": "QRG",
"question": "Will you tell me my exact frequency?",
"statement": "Your exact frequency is ... kHz.",
"statement": "Your exact frequency is ... kHz or MHz.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Used to ask for or report an exact operating frequency."
},
{
"code": "QRH",
"question": "Does my frequency vary?",
"statement": "Your frequency varies.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Reports that a transmitter is drifting off its nominal frequency."
},
{
"code": "QRK",
"question": "What is the readability of my signals?",
"statement": "The readability of your signals is ... (1 to 5).",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Reports intelligibility on a 1 to 5 scale, the R in an RST report."
"explanation": "Formal frequency-reporting Q-code. German-speaking amateurs also use 'QRG' informally as a noun meaning operating frequency, for example 'auf dieser QRG'.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRG?` / DO2XYZ: `Your QRG is 7.042 MHz.`"
},
{
"code": "QRL",
"question": "Are you busy? / Is this frequency in use?",
"statement": "I am busy; the frequency is in use, please do not interfere.",
"question": "Are you busy?",
"statement": "I am busy; please do not interfere.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Sent as QRL? before transmitting to check whether a frequency is already occupied.",
"explanation": "In amateur operation, QRL? is the standard short CW check meaning 'Is this frequency in use?' Listen first, send it once or twice, and wait before calling CQ.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRL?` / DO2XYZ: `QRL, in QSO.`"
},
{
"code": "QRM",
"question": "Are you being interfered with?",
"statement": "I am being interfered with; man-made interference.",
"question": "Is my transmission being interfered with?",
"statement": "Your transmission is being interfered with.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used to report man-made interference or ask whether the other station has interference.",
"explanation": "Interference from other stations or man-made sources, distinct from atmospheric static (QRN). In everyday amateur speech, 'I have QRM' is also common even though the formal statement addresses the other station's transmission.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRM?` / DO2XYZ: `QRM, pse repeat report.`"
},
{
@@ -55,7 +35,7 @@
{
"code": "QRO",
"question": "Shall I increase transmitter power?",
"statement": "Increase transmitter power; I am increasing power.",
"statement": "Increase transmitter power.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used when more power may be needed, usually after trying normal operating improvements first.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRO?` / DO2XYZ: `PSE QRO, ur weak.`"
@@ -63,9 +43,9 @@
{
"code": "QRP",
"question": "Shall I decrease transmitter power?",
"statement": "Decrease transmitter power; low-power operation.",
"statement": "Decrease transmitter power.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used to request or announce reduced transmitter power; also describes low-power operation.",
"explanation": "Formal request to reduce power. In everyday amateur use, QRP also describes low-power operation—typically no more than 5 W output for CW/data or 10 W PEP for SSB under the common award convention.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `PSE QRP.` / DO2XYZ: `QRP 5 W now.`"
},
{
@@ -78,7 +58,7 @@
{
"code": "QRS",
"question": "Shall I send more slowly?",
"statement": "Send more slowly.",
"statement": "Send more slowly (... words per minute).",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Requests a slower Morse sending speed; common courtesy to slower operators."
},
@@ -90,13 +70,6 @@
"explanation": "Used to close down transmission or ask another station to stop transmitting.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `I must QRT.` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, 73.`"
},
{
"code": "QRU",
"question": "Have you anything for me?",
"statement": "I have nothing for you.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Asks whether there is traffic to pass, or reports that there is none."
},
{
"code": "QRV",
"question": "Are you ready?",
@@ -107,27 +80,20 @@
},
{
"code": "QRX",
"question": "When will you call me again? / Shall I wait?",
"statement": "I will call you again at ...; please wait (stand by).",
"question": "When will you call me again?",
"statement": "I will call you again at ... hours on ... kHz or MHz.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used to ask for a later call or to tell the other station to wait.",
"explanation": "The formal code schedules a later call. In normal amateur operation, QRX followed by a duration—such as 'QRX 5'—usually means 'stand by for five minutes'.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRX 5 min.` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, standing by.`"
},
{
"code": "QRZ",
"question": "Who is calling me?",
"statement": "You are being called by ...; in pile-ups also a request for further callers.",
"statement": "You are being called by ...",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used when a calling station was not copied, or by a wanted station to invite the next caller.",
"explanation": "Use QRZ? when a calling station was not copied. DX and contest stations also say QRZ? to invite the next caller; that widespread pile-up use is still the question form, not a separate statement meaning.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QRZ?` / DO2XYZ: `DO2XYZ calling.`"
},
{
"code": "QSA",
"question": "What is the strength of my signals?",
"statement": "The strength of your signals is ... (1 to 5).",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Reports signal strength on a 1 to 5 scale, related to the S in an RST report."
},
{
"code": "QSB",
"question": "Is the strength of my signal fading?",
@@ -138,34 +104,27 @@
},
{
"code": "QSK",
"question": "Can you hear me between your signals?",
"statement": "I can hear you between my signals; you may break in (full break-in).",
"question": "Can you hear me between your signals, and may I break in?",
"statement": "I can hear you between my signals; break in on my transmission.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Describes full break-in CW, where the operator hears the band between his own dots and dashes."
"explanation": "Describes full break-in CW, where transmit/receive switching is fast enough to hear the band between one's own dots and dashes. Modern transceiver menus often label this feature QSK."
},
{
"code": "QSL",
"question": "Can you acknowledge receipt?",
"statement": "I acknowledge receipt; also a confirmation card or electronic confirmation for a QSO.",
"statement": "I acknowledge receipt.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used to confirm that information was received, or later for contact confirmation.",
"explanation": "On air it confirms that information was copied. A paper QSL card or electronic QSL is the later confirmation of a completed contact; that noun usage is practical amateur shorthand, not the formal statement text.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `My QTH Berlin, QSL?` / DO2XYZ: `QSL, Berlin copied.`"
},
{
"code": "QSO",
"question": "Can you communicate directly with ...?",
"statement": "I can communicate directly with ...; commonly a radio contact.",
"question": "Can you communicate with ... directly or by relay?",
"statement": "I can communicate with ... directly or by relay through ...",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used for the radio contact itself, or when asking whether direct contact is possible.",
"explanation": "The formal code concerns establishing communication. In everyday amateur speech and logging, a QSO simply means a completed or ongoing radio contact.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `Tnx for QSO.` / DO2XYZ: `Tnx also, 73.`"
},
{
"code": "QSP",
"question": "Will you relay to ...?",
"statement": "I will relay to ...",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Asks a station to pass traffic on to a third station that cannot be reached directly."
},
{
"code": "QSY",
"question": "Shall I change to another frequency?",
@@ -188,13 +147,6 @@
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used to ask for or give the station location, often city, locator, or portable position.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `QTH?` / DO2XYZ: `QTH Munich, JN58.`"
},
{
"code": "QTR",
"question": "What is the correct time?",
"statement": "The correct time is ...",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Asks for or gives the time, usually in UTC."
}
],
"abbreviations": [
@@ -220,7 +172,8 @@
{
"code": "ANT",
"meaning": "Antenna.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common CW and logging abbreviation, for example when exchanging antenna type, height or direction."
},
{
"code": "AR",
@@ -241,7 +194,7 @@
"meaning": "Break — interrupt or quickly hand over a running transmission.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Used in telegraphy to interrupt or quickly pass transmission without a formal over.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `... antenna is BK` / DO2XYZ: `BK, pse repeat power.`"
"example": "DL1ABC: `... running 10 W BK` / DO2XYZ: `BK, my PWR 5 W.`"
},
{
"code": "BT",
@@ -253,7 +206,8 @@
{
"code": "BTU",
"meaning": "Back to you.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Informal voice and digital-text handover. In formal CW procedure, K or KN is clearer."
},
{
"code": "CFM",
@@ -264,7 +218,8 @@
{
"code": "CL",
"meaning": "Closing down / clear (going off the air).",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Sent in CW to announce that the station is closing and will not remain available for another contact."
},
{
"code": "CQ",
@@ -273,10 +228,24 @@
"explanation": "Used to start a contact when no specific station is being called. A target narrows it, e.g. CQ DX or CQ DL.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `CQ CQ CQ de DL1ABC k` / DO2XYZ: `DL1ABC de DO2XYZ k`"
},
{
"code": "CPY",
"meaning": "Copy — receive or understand a signal.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common operating shorthand in questions such as 'HW CPY?' and replies such as 'CPY 100%'. It refers to successful reception, not making a duplicate document.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `HW CPY?` / DO2XYZ: `FB CPY, no QRM.`"
},
{
"code": "CUAGN",
"meaning": "See you again.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Compact friendly sign-off used in CW and digital text, often immediately before 73."
},
{
"code": "CUL",
"meaning": "See you later.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Friendly informal closing used mainly in CW and text modes."
},
{
"code": "DE",
@@ -315,27 +284,38 @@
{
"code": "GA",
"meaning": "Good afternoon / go ahead.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Context decides the meaning: a greeting near the start of a contact, or an invitation to continue. Use K or KN for an unambiguous CW handover."
},
{
"code": "GE",
"meaning": "Good evening.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common greeting near the start of a CW or digital-text contact."
},
{
"code": "GM",
"meaning": "Good morning.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common greeting near the start of a CW or digital-text contact."
},
{
"code": "GN",
"meaning": "Good night.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Friendly closing, normally used at the end rather than as the formal end-of-contact prosign."
},
{
"code": "GL",
"meaning": "Good luck.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common friendly wish in contests, award chasing and ordinary CW or digital contacts."
},
{
"code": "GUD",
"meaning": "Good.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common CW spelling reduction, as in 'gud sig' or 'gud copy'."
},
{
"code": "HI",
@@ -346,12 +326,15 @@
{
"code": "HR",
"meaning": "Here / hear.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "A context-dependent CW contraction: 'WX HR' means weather here, while 'HR U' means hear you."
},
{
"code": "HW",
"meaning": "How? (e.g. HW? = how do you copy me?).",
"exam": false
"meaning": "How?",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Usually asks for reception or an opinion near the end of an exchange.",
"example": "DL1ABC: `HW CPY?` / DO2XYZ: `FB CPY.`"
},
{
"code": "K",
@@ -370,17 +353,20 @@
{
"code": "MNI",
"meaning": "Many.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Frequent CW contraction, for example 'mni tnx' or 'mni QSOs'."
},
{
"code": "NIL",
"meaning": "Nothing / nothing heard.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Used when no signal, traffic or result was obtained, for example 'NIL HRD' in a log or net report."
},
{
"code": "NR",
"meaning": "Number / near.",
"exam": false
},
{
"code": "OB",
"meaning": "Old boy (familiar form of address).",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Number.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Used before a serial number, message number or other numbered item. Restricting the card to this common operational meaning avoids the ambiguous dictionary expansion 'near'."
},
{
"code": "OM",
@@ -391,7 +377,8 @@
{
"code": "OP",
"meaning": "Operator / the operator's name.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common when exchanging names, for example 'OP Anna', and in station descriptions such as single-op or multi-op."
},
{
"code": "PSE",
@@ -403,7 +390,8 @@
{
"code": "PWR",
"meaning": "Power (transmitter output).",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Usually followed by the RF output power and unit, for example 'PWR 5 W'. Do not confuse transmitter output with ERP or EIRP."
},
{
"code": "R",
@@ -415,12 +403,26 @@
{
"code": "RIG",
"meaning": "Station equipment / transceiver.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Informal term for the radio equipment in use, often exchanged together with antenna and power."
},
{
"code": "RPT",
"meaning": "Repeat / report.",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Repeat.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Requests retransmission of missed text. Signal report is better abbreviated RPRT, avoiding a meaning collision in the reverse card."
},
{
"code": "RPRT",
"meaning": "Report — usually a signal report.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Distinguishes the noun 'report' from RPT meaning 'repeat'. It is commonly used when asking for or sending an RST report."
},
{
"code": "RR73",
"meaning": "Report received; best regards — final FT8 acknowledgement.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "In an FT8 exchange, RR73 confirms receipt of the other station's report and closes the contact in one message. It is protocol text, not a general voice or CW abbreviation."
},
{
"code": "RST",
@@ -432,7 +434,8 @@
{
"code": "RX",
"meaning": "Receiver.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Equipment and diagram abbreviation paired with TX. On repeater listings, RX denotes the frequency on which the station receives."
},
{
"code": "SK",
@@ -444,7 +447,14 @@
{
"code": "SRI",
"meaning": "Sorry.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Brief apology in CW or digital text, often followed by a correction or repeat."
},
{
"code": "SWL",
"meaning": "Short-Wave Listener — listener who receives but does not transmit.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "SWLs monitor amateur and broadcast stations, may submit reception reports, and do not need an amateur transmitting authorization merely to receive."
},
{
"code": "TEST",
@@ -455,43 +465,63 @@
},
{
"code": "TNX",
"meaning": "Thanks (also written TKS).",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Thanks — three-letter telegraphic abbreviation.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Very common in CW and digital text; TKS is an equivalent spelling. The explicit three-letter wording distinguishes this reverse card from TU."
},
{
"code": "TU",
"meaning": "Thank you.",
"exam": false
"meaning": "Thank you — two-letter acknowledgement or sign-off.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Frequently used by contest or DX stations to acknowledge one caller and immediately continue, for example 'TU QRZ?'."
},
{
"code": "TX",
"meaning": "Transmitter.",
"exam": true
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Equipment and diagram abbreviation paired with RX. On repeater listings, TX denotes the frequency on which the station transmits."
},
{
"code": "UR",
"meaning": "Your / you're.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Context-dependent CW and text contraction, as in 'UR RST 579' or 'UR FB'."
},
{
"code": "UTC",
"meaning": "Coordinated Universal Time — koordinierte Weltzeit.",
"exam": true,
"explanation": "Use UTC for logs, schedules and QSL confirmations so both stations record the same date and time without daylight-saving ambiguity. Germany is UTC+1 in MEZ and UTC+2 in MESZ."
},
{
"code": "VY",
"meaning": "Very.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common CW contraction, for example 'vy gud' or 'vy strong'."
},
{
"code": "WX",
"meaning": "Weather.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Common conversational topic in CW and digital contacts, for example 'WX HR SUNNY'."
},
{
"code": "WPM",
"meaning": "Words Per Minute — Morse sending speed.",
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Standard practical speed unit for CW. Send no faster than you can reliably receive, and slow down to match a station that answers at a lower speed."
},
{
"code": "XYL",
"meaning": "Wife (ex-young-lady).",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Traditional amateur shorthand that is still encountered but can sound dated; use a person's name when known."
},
{
"code": "YL",
"meaning": "Young lady — any female operator.",
"exam": false
"exam": false,
"explanation": "Traditional term for a female radio amateur regardless of age. It remains common in names of clubs, nets and awards."
},
{
"code": "MAYDAY",