diff --git a/explanations.json b/explanations.json index d1f2b97..97eec20 100644 --- a/explanations.json +++ b/explanations.json @@ -1415,21 +1415,21 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AD426": { - "revision": 6, + "revision": 7, "explanation": "A 16 dB power gain is a ratio of $10^{16/10} = 39.8$, so 1 W input becomes about 40 W output. Hilfsmittel: convert via $G = 10^{g/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, the inverse of $g = 10\\cdot\\log_{10}(P_2/P_1)$ (Pegel, S.15); 16 dB = +10 dB (×10) + +6 dB (×4) → ≈×40 (no direct 16 dB table row).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_verstaerkungsleistung.html#AD426", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_dezibel_2.html#AD426", "confidence": 8 }, "AD427": { - "revision": 6, + "revision": 7, "explanation": "For equal impedances, voltage gain in dB is $20 \\log_{10}(U_2/U_1)$; $20 \\log_{10}(4\\,\\text{mV} / 1\\,\\text{mV}) = 20 \\log_{10}(4) = 12\\,\\text{dB}$. Hilfsmittel: apply the voltage form $g = 20\\cdot\\log_{10}(U_2/U_1)$ (Pegel, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_verstaerkungsleistung.html#AD427", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_dezibel_2.html#AD427", "confidence": 8 }, "AD428": { - "revision": 6, + "revision": 7, "explanation": "Power gain in dB is $10 \\log_{10}(P_2/P_1)$; $10 \\log_{10}(38\\,\\text{W} / 2.5\\,\\text{W}) = 10 \\log_{10}(15.2) = 11.8\\,\\text{dB}$. Hilfsmittel: apply $g = 10\\cdot\\log_{10}(P_2/P_1)$ (Pegel, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_verstaerkungsleistung.html#AD428", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_dezibel_2.html#AD428", "confidence": 8 }, "AD429": { @@ -1475,9 +1475,9 @@ "confidence": 7 }, "AD503": { - "revision": 3, + "revision": 4, "explanation": "This is an envelope demodulator. The IF signal enters on the left, so X is not the IF output. Point X sits after an RC low-pass built with a high-capacitance electrolytic capacitor; the large $C$ pushes $f_g = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R C}$ very low, so neither the audio nor the oscillator signal gets through — only a slowly varying, near-DC voltage. That low-frequency voltage at X is used as a control (AGC) voltage. Hilfsmittel: $f_g = 1/(2\\pi R C)$ (RC-Tiefpass, S.14).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_modulatoren.html#AD503", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_agc_2.html#AD503", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, @@ -2401,9 +2401,9 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AF401": { - "revision": 2, + "revision": 3, "explanation": "HF amplifier efficiency is useful RF output power divided by the DC power taken from the supply.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_leistungsvertaerker.html#AF401", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_verstaerker_wirkungsgrad.html#AF401", "confidence": 8 }, "AF402": { @@ -2566,9 +2566,9 @@ "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AF428": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "Overall gain in dB is the output level minus the input level in dBm; the diagram's level difference is 48 dB when cable losses are ignored. Hilfsmittel: overall gain in dB is the level difference (out − in), i.e. $g = 10\\cdot\\log_{10}(P_2/P_1)$ (Pegel, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_leistungsvertaerker.html#AF428", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_dezibel_2.html#AF428", "confidence": 7 }, "AF501": { @@ -2945,14 +2945,14 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AG114": { - "revision": 3, - "explanation": "In a 20/15/10 m trap dipole, the inner trap pair must stop the 15 m current, so it is tuned near 21.2 MHz.", + "revision": 4, + "explanation": "In a 20/15/10 m trap dipole, the outer trap pair a is tuned near the 15 m operating frequency of 21.2 MHz. At resonance it presents a high impedance and isolates the wire sections beyond it.", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_traps.html#AG114", "confidence": 8 }, "AG115": { - "revision": 3, - "explanation": "The outer trap pair separates the 10 m section, so it is tuned near the 10 m operating frequency around 29 MHz.", + "revision": 4, + "explanation": "The inner trap pair b is tuned near the 10 m operating frequency of 29 MHz. Because the highest-frequency band needs the shortest active dipole section, its traps are closest to the feed point.", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_traps.html#AG115", "confidence": 8 }, @@ -3041,27 +3041,27 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AG203": { - "revision": 2, + "revision": 3, "explanation": "The 28 MHz case is the highest listed harmonic, so it shows the largest number of current half-waves on the same dipole.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_frequenzabhaengige_stromverteilung.html#AG203", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_strom_spannung_speisung_2.html#AG203", "confidence": 8 }, "AG204": { - "revision": 2, - "explanation": "At 14 MHz the 20 m dipole is excited at the next lower shown harmonic pattern, with fewer current lobes than at 28 MHz.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_frequenzabhaengige_stromverteilung.html#AG204", + "revision": 3, + "explanation": "The pictured 80 m dipole has a 3.5 MHz fundamental. At 14 MHz it is driven at the fourth harmonic, so the current distribution has four lobes.", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_strom_spannung_speisung_2.html#AG204", "confidence": 8 }, "AG205": { - "revision": 2, - "explanation": "At 7 MHz the same 20 m wire is near one full wavelength overall, matching the intermediate current distribution.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_frequenzabhaengige_stromverteilung.html#AG205", + "revision": 3, + "explanation": "The pictured 80 m dipole has a 3.5 MHz fundamental. At 7 MHz it is driven at the second harmonic, so the current distribution has two lobes.", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_strom_spannung_speisung_2.html#AG205", "confidence": 8 }, "AG206": { - "revision": 2, - "explanation": "At 3.5 MHz the 20 m dipole is near its half-wave fundamental, so it has the simplest current distribution with the central maximum.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_frequenzabhaengige_stromverteilung.html#AG206", + "revision": 3, + "explanation": "At its 3.5 MHz fundamental, the pictured 80 m dipole is approximately one half-wave long and has the simplest current distribution: one lobe with a current maximum at the center.", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_strom_spannung_speisung_2.html#AG206", "confidence": 8 }, "AG207": { @@ -3245,9 +3245,9 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AG308": { - "revision": 3, + "revision": 4, "explanation": "Over 60 m at 29 MHz the total loss must stay under 2 dB, so pick the lowest-loss cable — not the thinnest. Of the four, the 10.3 mm PE-foam cable has both the largest conductor and a low-loss foam dielectric, so it has the least loss per metre: the thin 4.95 mm RG58 and the thinner 7.3 mm foam cable have more conductor loss, and the equally-thick RG213 loses more because its solid PE dielectric is lossier than foam. Only the 10.3 mm foam cable therefore holds the 60 m run within 2 dB. Hilfsmittel: read dB/100 m at 29 MHz from the Kabeldämpfungsdiagramm Koaxialkabel (S. 22) and scale linearly with length.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_kabeldaempfung_2.html", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_kabeldaempfung_2.html#AG308", "confidence": 7 }, "AG309": { @@ -3257,9 +3257,9 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AG310": { - "revision": 3, + "revision": 4, "explanation": "Coax loss falls as the cable gets thicker, so read the per-100 m attenuation at 5.7 GHz off the diagram and scale to the 8 m run ($8\\,\\text{m}$ is $0.08$ of $100\\,\\text{m}$, so the budget is $3\\,\\text{dB}/0.08 = 37.5\\,\\text{dB per }100\\,\\text{m}$). At 5.7 GHz the 12.7 mm and the fatter 16.4 mm PE-foam cables both stay under $3\\,\\text{dB}$ over $8\\,\\text{m}$; the thinner 10.3 mm and 7.3 mm types exceed it. The question asks for the thinnest cable that still meets the $3\\,\\text{dB}$ limit — not the only one that meets it — so the 12.7 mm cable is chosen over the needlessly thick 16.4 mm. Hilfsmittel: the Kabeldämpfungsdiagramm Koaxialkabel (S. 22) — read dB/100 m at the operating frequency and scale linearly with length.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_kabeldaempfung_2.html", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_kabeldaempfung_2.html#AG310", "confidence": 8 }, "AG311": { @@ -3372,15 +3372,15 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AG409": { - "revision": 2, + "revision": 3, "explanation": "A quarter-wave line inverts impedance: a short circuit at one end appears as very high impedance at the other.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_lecherleitung.html#AG409", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_impedanztransformation.html#AG409", "confidence": 8 }, "AG410": { - "revision": 2, + "revision": 3, "explanation": "The quarter-wave section transforms the far-end condition so point X is at a current maximum and nearly zero impedance.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_lecherleitung.html#AG410", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_impedanztransformation.html#AG410", "confidence": 8 }, "AG411": { @@ -3897,9 +3897,9 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "AI403": { - "revision": 2, + "revision": 3, "explanation": "For a purely resistive mismatch, SWR is the impedance ratio; $150/50 = 3$.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_swr_meter_2.html#AI403", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_swr_3.html#AI403", "confidence": 8 }, "AI501": { @@ -4335,23 +4335,23 @@ "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK102": { - "revision": 3, + "revision": 4, "explanation": "In the far field the magnitudes of $E$ and $H$ are tied together by the wave impedance of the medium: $\\frac{E}{H} = Z$. For free space $Z_0 = \\sqrt{\\frac{\\mu_0}{\\varepsilon_0}} \\approx 120\\pi\\,\\Omega \\approx 377\\,\\Omega$ (air is practically identical). One field component therefore fixes the other — which is not possible in the near field.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK102", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_nahfeld.html#AK102", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK103": { - "revision": 7, + "revision": 8, "explanation": "The far-field formula $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}}{E}$ is valid for $d > \\frac{\\lambda}{2\\pi}$ for most antenna types (e.g. dipoles). In the radiating near field it generally gives a conservative over-estimate of the field, so it stays on the safe side — which is why it is allowed down to $\\frac{\\lambda}{2\\pi}$; only in the reactive near field ($d < \\frac{\\lambda}{2\\pi}$) is it not permitted. For electrically small or magnetically dominated antennas, though, the real near-field strength can exceed the predicted value. Where validity is not assured (such antennas, or shorter distances), determine the safety distance instead by field-strength measurement or by a near-field calculation (simulation), as the BNetzA BEMFV guidance prescribes.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_nahfeld.html#AK103", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK103", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK104": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "The antenna-input power is the transmitter output reduced by the feedline loss. Write the loss as a factor $D = \\frac{P_\\mathrm{Ant}}{P_\\mathrm{Sender}}$ (with $0 < D < 1$), then $P_\\mathrm{Ant} = D\\cdot P_\\mathrm{Sender}$. The greater the cable loss, the smaller $D$ and the less power reaches the antenna.", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK104", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_effektive_strahlungsleistung_erp_2.html#AK104", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, @@ -4363,9 +4363,9 @@ "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK106": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "A half-wave dipole has $g_i = 2.15\\,\\text{dBi}$, so the EIRP from the $100\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 100\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{2.15/10} \\approx 164\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 164\\,\\text{W}}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{70.2\\,\\text{V}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 2.50\\,\\text{m}$. The far-field condition $d > \\frac{\\lambda}{2\\pi} \\approx 1.59\\,\\text{m}$ holds. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_i - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, where $P_S$ is the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK106", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK106", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, @@ -4377,37 +4377,37 @@ "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK108": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "For a dipole $g_i = 2.15\\,\\text{dBi}$ with feedline loss $a = 0.5\\,\\text{dB}$, the EIRP from the $300\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 300\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{(2.15 - 0.5)/10} \\approx 439\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 439\\,\\text{W}}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{114.7\\,\\text{V}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 4.10\\,\\text{m}$. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_i - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, with $P_S$ the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK108", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK108", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK109": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "For a dipole $g_i = 2.15\\,\\text{dBi}$ with feedline loss $a = 0.5\\,\\text{dB}$, the EIRP from the $700\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 700\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{(2.15 - 0.5)/10} \\approx 1024\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 1024\\,\\text{W}}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{175.2\\,\\text{V}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 6.26\\,\\text{m}$. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_i - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, with $P_S$ the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK109", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK109", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK110": { - "revision": 8, + "revision": 9, "explanation": "With $g_d = 11.5\\,\\text{dBd}$ and $a = 1.5\\,\\text{dB}$, the EIRP from the $75\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 75\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{(11.5 + 2.15 - 1.5)/10} \\approx 1230\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 1230\\,\\text{W}}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{192.1\\,\\text{V}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 6.86\\,\\text{m}$. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_d + 2.15 - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, with $P_S$ the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK110", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK110", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK111": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "With $g_d = 10.5\\,\\text{dBd}$ and $a = 1.5\\,\\text{dB}$, the EIRP from the $100\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 100\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{(10.5 + 2.15 - 1.5)/10} \\approx 1303\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 1303\\,\\text{W}}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{197.7\\,\\text{V}}{28\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 7.1\\,\\text{m}$. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_d + 2.15 - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, with $P_S$ the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK111", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK111", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, "AK112": { - "revision": 4, + "revision": 5, "explanation": "With $g_d = 18\\,\\text{dBd}$, $a = 2\\,\\text{dB}$ and the higher limit $E = 61\\,\\text{V/m}$, the EIRP from the $40\\,\\text{W}$ transmitter power is $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = 40\\,\\text{W}\\cdot 10^{(18 + 2.15 - 2)/10} \\approx 2613\\,\\text{W}$. Then $d = \\frac{\\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot 2613\\,\\text{W}}}{61\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx \\frac{280\\,\\text{V}}{61\\,\\text{V/m}} \\approx 4.6\\,\\text{m}$. Hilfsmittel: $d = \\sqrt{30\\,\\Omega\\cdot P_\\mathrm{EIRP}}/E$ and $P_\\mathrm{EIRP} = P_S\\cdot 10^{(g_d + 2.15 - a)/(10\\,\\text{dB})}$, with $P_S$ the transmitter power (Pegel / Antennen, S.15).", - "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_naeherungsformel_2.html#AK112", + "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_personenschutzabstand_3.html#AK112", "confidence": 8, "provenance": "50ohm-loesungsweg" }, @@ -7373,8 +7373,8 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "EG302": { - "revision": 3, - "explanation": "Good coaxial cable keeps the RF field trapped between inner conductor and shield, so in normal (common-mode-free) operation it radiates almost nothing. That makes it the right choice for HF links between station devices; open balanced feeders deliberately radiate from both wires and would couple into nearby equipment.", + "revision": 4, + "explanation": "Good coaxial cable confines the wanted RF field between its inner conductor and shield, so in normal common-mode-free operation it produces very little external field. Its shielding therefore makes it the appropriate choice for HF connections between station devices. Balanced open-wire line can also have low radiation when correctly operated, but it has no surrounding shield and is less suitable for interconnecting equipment in the station.", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_uebertragungsleitungen_2.html#EG302", "confidence": 8 }, @@ -8149,8 +8149,8 @@ "confidence": 8 }, "EJ218": { - "revision": 3, - "explanation": "For FT8, JS8, PSK31 and similar modes, set the audio (NF) drive low enough that the ALC does not engage at all. ALC action on these constant-envelope digital signals causes distortion and splatter, so the clean operating point is just below the ALC threshold — not at maximum.", + "revision": 4, + "explanation": "For FT8, JS8, PSK31 and similar modes, set the audio (NF) drive low enough that the ALC does not engage at all. ALC action can distort the digitally generated SSB waveform and cause splatter, so the clean operating point is just below the ALC threshold — not at maximum.", "source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_digimod_uebersteuerung.html#EJ218", "confidence": 8 },