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Improve "Kenntnisse von Vorschriften" explanations

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Renat Nurgaliyev
2026-06-04 11:59:48 +02:00
parent fdc5932d7d
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@@ -8976,34 +8976,34 @@
"confidence": 7
},
"NG202": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The connector shown has the form used by the PL or UHF connector family.",
"source": "IEC 61169 radio-frequency connector series",
"confidence": 6
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "The drawing shows the PL connector pair: a large knurled screw coupling and matching external thread. 50ohm notes that PL is also called a UHF connector, despite not being well suited for the UHF range.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_steckverbinder_pl.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"NG203": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The bayonet-lock form shown is characteristic of a BNC connector.",
"source": "IEC 61169 radio-frequency connector series",
"confidence": 6
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "The drawing shows the BNC connector system. Its distinguishing feature is the bayonet lock: the connector is inserted and then turned about 90 degrees instead of being screwed on like PL or N.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_steckverbinder_bnc.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"NG204": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The threaded RF connector shown is the N connector, widely used at VHF/UHF for lower loss and better impedance control.",
"source": "IEC 61169 radio-frequency connector series",
"confidence": 6
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "The drawing shows an N connector pair. 50ohm describes N connectors as higher-quality threaded connectors used into the gigahertz range; the spring contacts around the centre pin are characteristic.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_steckverbinder_n.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"NG205": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The small threaded connector shown is SMA, a compact RF connector commonly used on handhelds and microwave gear.",
"source": "IEC 61169 radio-frequency connector series",
"confidence": 6
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "The drawing shows SMA connectors: a small threaded connector system with a hexagonal coupling nut. 50ohm emphasizes their small size and suitability for very high frequencies.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_steckverbinder_sma.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"NG206": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "N and SMA connectors maintain better RF performance above 300 MHz than older connector systems such as PL.",
"source": "IEC 61169 radio-frequency connector series",
"confidence": 7
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "For frequencies above 300 MHz, the suitable connector systems in the answer set are N and SMA. 50ohm summarizes this directly: N and SMA connector systems are best suited for high and very high frequencies.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_steckverbinder_sma.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"NG207": {
"revision": 2,
@@ -9282,20 +9282,20 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VA102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 1 defines the amateur service as self-training, intercommunication and technical investigation by authorised amateurs.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The ITU definition gives the purpose of amateur radio: self-training, amateur-to-amateur communication and technical investigation. Memorise those three ideas; they explain many later non-commercial and open-traffic rules.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The amateur-satellite service is the same amateur service carried through space stations, so its purposes stay the same.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Adding a satellite changes the path, not the purpose. Amateur-satellite service still serves self-training, intercommunication and technical investigation, just via space stations.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR definition limits amateur operators to duly authorised persons interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The international rule already contains the amateur identity: authorised person, personal technical interest, no money motive. If an answer sounds commercial or unauthorised, it conflicts with that definition.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
@@ -9312,62 +9312,62 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VA301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The Radio Regulations' general rules apply to all radiocommunication services unless a special rule says otherwise, so amateur radio is included.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The Radio Regulations are the global baseline for all radio services. Amateur radio is not outside that system; special amateur rules sit inside the general RR framework.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA302": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 restricts international amateur traffic to amateur-service purposes and personal remarks, excluding third-party business traffic.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "International amateur traffic is for amateur-service content and personal remarks. The rule keeps amateur radio from becoming an international message or business service.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 forbids secrecy in amateur traffic but permits encrypted control signals for amateur-satellite control links.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The core idea is transparency: amateur messages are not secret traffic. The narrow exception is control signalling for satellites, where encryption protects the station rather than hiding a private conversation.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "RR Article 25 leaves Morse-code requirements to each national administration, so Germany can decide its own examination rules.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Morse is not globally forced by the RR anymore; each administration decides. For the exam, remember that Germany controls its own certificate requirements here.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR divides the world into regions because frequency allocations differ by region.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "ITU regions exist because the same frequency can have different allocations in different parts of the world. Always ask: which region's table applies?",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA402": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The RR allocation table is organised into three ITU regions.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "There are three ITU regions. This is pure table knowledge, but it anchors the later Europe/Americas/Asia-Pacific region questions.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA403": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Germany is in ITU Region 1, the region covering Europe, Africa and parts of western Asia.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Germany follows Region 1. Memory hook: Region 1 is Europe plus Africa and nearby western Asia; German band-plan questions start from that world region.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Canada is in ITU Region 2, the region covering the Americas.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Canada is Region 2 because Region 2 is the Americas. Memory hook: Region 2 = the western hemisphere.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA405": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Australia is in ITU Region 3, the region covering Asia-Pacific outside the Region 1/2 areas.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Australia is Region 3, the Asia-Pacific region. Memory hook: after Europe/Africa = 1 and Americas = 2, Australia lands in the remaining Asia-Pacific bucket.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REG-RR",
"confidence": 9
},
"VA406": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "International call-sign prefixes are allocated in the Radio Regulations call-sign series table.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Call-sign prefixes are not chosen casually by countries; they come from internationally allocated series. That is why a prefix can identify the country or administration behind a station.",
"source": "https://www.itu.int/gladapp/Allocation/CallSigns",
"confidence": 9
},
@@ -9378,86 +9378,86 @@
"confidence": 8
},
"VB101": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The CEPT Novice certificate documents a recognised novice-level exam and can simplify getting an equivalent novice individual licence abroad.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The CEPT Novice certificate is proof of a recognised novice-level exam. It is mainly a portability document: it helps another administration map your German class E knowledge to its novice rules.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "HAREC is the harmonised CEPT examination certificate under T/R 61-02; German class A matches that level.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "HAREC is not the radio licence itself; it is the harmonised proof that you passed the full CEPT-level exam. German class A corresponds to that level.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2565",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A HAREC certifies a passed class-A-level exam and is used by participating administrations when issuing a local amateur licence.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Use this memory model: HAREC proves exam level, the country issues the actual licence. It lets participating administrations recognise your class-A-level qualification.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2565",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "T/R 61-01 covers temporary guest operation, T/R 61-02 and ERC Report 32 harmonise exam evidence, and ECC (05)06 covers novice operation.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Separate the CEPT documents by job: T/R 61-01 = temporary visitor operation, T/R 61-02/HAREC = full exam proof, ERC Report 32 = novice exam topics, ECC (05)06 = novice visitor operation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB105": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Class N is a German national class and is not covered by the CEPT visitor recommendations, so it gives no CEPT operating privilege abroad.",
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "Class N is national-only for this purpose. Memory hook: A travels with full CEPT, E can use CEPT Novice where implemented, N has no automatic CEPT travel privilege.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/NEA_funken_im_ausland.html",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT Novice operation only works in countries that have implemented ECC Recommendation (05)06 and only for temporary stays without residence there.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "CEPT Novice is not worldwide permission. It works only where the visited country implemented ECC (05)06, and only for temporary non-resident operation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/2768",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Class A relies on T/R 61-01; the right exists only in countries that implement that recommendation and for temporary non-resident operation.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Class A visitor operation relies on T/R 61-01. Memorise the two limits: the visited country must implement it, and the stay must be temporary rather than residence.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Some non-CEPT countries also accept T/R 61-01 or ECC (05)06, so German A/E operators may operate there when that country has implemented the relevant recommendation.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "CEPT documents can be accepted beyond CEPT countries if the country explicitly implements or recognises them. The deciding factor is the host country's acceptance, not geography alone.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
"VB109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT guest operation is temporary; T/R 61-01 uses a stay of up to three months as the normal limit.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "CEPT guest operation is for visits, not moving your licence abroad. The exam number to remember is up to three months for the normal temporary-stay case.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB110": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Germany's CEPT visitor prefixes are class-dependent: full CEPT visitors use DL/ and novice visitors use DO/ before the home call sign.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "In Germany, the prefix tells which CEPT route the visitor uses. Full CEPT visitors put DL/ before the home call; CEPT Novice visitors put DO/ before it.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "CEPT operation does not export German privileges; the visitor must follow the CEPT recommendation plus the host country's power, band and operating limits.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Do not carry German bands and power limits in your suitcase. CEPT gives a visitor shortcut, but the host country's implemented limits control actual operation.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A German licence does not automatically authorise 6 m abroad; the host country's CEPT implementation and national band limits control.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The 6 m trap is about host-country control. Even with a German licence, you may use 50 MHz abroad only if the visited country's CEPT implementation and national allocation allow it.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Without CEPT implementation there is no automatic visitor privilege, so the operator needs a guest authorisation from the visited country.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "If the country has not implemented the CEPT route, there is no automatic shortcut. Then you need that country's own guest authorisation before transmitting.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 9
},
"VB114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "T/R 61-01 is for individual visitor operation, not moving a German club station abroad; a club station needs a separate guest authorisation.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "CEPT visitor operation follows the individual operator, not a German club station as an institution. Moving club-station operation abroad needs separate permission.",
"source": "https://docdb.cept.org/download/3321",
"confidence": 8
},
@@ -9492,14 +9492,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VC106": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Passing the exam is not enough for transmitting; AFuG §3 requires admission to participate and a person-bound call sign.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Think two steps: the exam proves knowledge, but the admission plus person-bound call sign is the legal permission to transmit. Certificate alone is not an on-air licence.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC107": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The admission is person-bound under AFuG §3, so it cannot be lent or transferred to another person.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The admission follows the named person, not the radio equipment. If someone else transmits, they need their own authorisation rather than borrowing yours.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9522,26 +9522,26 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VC111": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG limits amateur traffic to communication with other amateur stations, apart from emergency exceptions.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Amateur radio is not a public messaging service. The normal rule is amateur station to amateur station; emergency and disaster help is the narrow exception.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC112": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Third-party message relay is normally outside amateur radio, but AFuG allows support in emergency and disaster cases.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Third-party traffic is normally forbidden because amateur radio is for the amateur service, not carrying other people's messages. Memorise the exception: Not/Katastrophe turns the station into emergency support.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
"VC113": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG §2 excludes commercial-economic motivation from the definition of a radio amateur.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The law defines the amateur by personal interest in radio technique, not business interest. If the purpose is making money or serving a business, it stops fitting the amateur-service idea.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VC114": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuG keeps amateur radio non-commercial, so an amateur station may not be operated for commercial-economic purposes.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Same memory hook as VC113: amateur radio is personal, experimental and non-commercial. A station may support hobby learning and emergency help, not commercial operations.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__5.html",
"confidence": 9
},
@@ -9552,8 +9552,8 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VC116": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A person-bound amateur call sign is assigned by BNetzA; using another person-bound call sign would defeat that identification rule.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Your person-bound call sign is your legal on-air identity. Using someone else's person-bound call would hide who is actually responsible, so only your assigned call sign is allowed.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afug_1997/__3.html",
"confidence": 9
},
@@ -9618,26 +9618,26 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD102": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV says receiving amateur transmissions does not require admission to the amateur service; the admission requirement is for participation by transmitting.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The licence gate is for transmitting, not listening. Receiving amateur transmissions is allowed without admission; putting RF on the air is the regulated act.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD103": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV requires open language; encryption that hides the content is not open language and is therefore prohibited.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Amateur traffic must be publicly understandable so others and the regulator can monitor what is happening. Encryption whose purpose is hiding the content breaks that open-language rule.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD104": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV permits encryption only for control signals of satellites, remote, automatically working or otherwise remotely controlled stations.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The encryption exception is about controlling equipment, not private conversations. Memorise it as: hidden control bits may be okay; hidden message content is not.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD105": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV expressly forbids using international maritime and aeronautical distress, urgency and safety signals in amateur traffic.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "MAYDAY/PAN PAN/SECURITE belong to maritime and aeronautical safety systems. Amateur stations must not imitate those signals because false or casual use would weaken real emergency procedures.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__16.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9654,14 +9654,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD108": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §17 lets BNetzA require records to investigate interference causes or clarify frequency-technical questions.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "BNetzA can ask for written operating records when it needs evidence, especially for interference or frequency-use questions. The point is traceability, not routine diary keeping.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__17.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD109": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Log-like written operating records are mandatory only when BNetzA requires them under AFuV §17.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A logbook is useful, but the exam rule is narrower: written operating records become mandatory when BNetzA demands them. Memorise: no general logbook duty, but comply on request.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__17.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9750,8 +9750,8 @@
"confidence": 8
},
"VD205": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §11 requires the call sign at the beginning and end of each contact and at least every ten minutes during traffic.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The call sign is the station's accountability marker. Use the simple rhythm: identify at start, at end, and at least every 10 minutes while the contact continues.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__11.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9774,8 +9774,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD301": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 defines training operation as practical preparation for the amateur-radio exam.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Training operation exists so learners can get real operating practice before their own certificate. It is not a separate hobby privilege; it is exam preparation under a licensed trainer.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9786,14 +9786,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD303": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 allows non-licensed trainees to participate only under direct instruction and supervision by an authorised class A or E amateur.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A trainee may touch the microphone/key only because an authorised A or E amateur is directly instructing and supervising. Responsibility stays with the licensed trainer.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD304": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 limits training operation to the operating privileges of the instructor.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Training does not create extra bands or power. The trainee operates inside the instructor's permission envelope, so memorise: trainer's class sets the limit.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9804,14 +9804,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD306": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §12 and §11 put the training suffix on the trainee's use of the instructor or club call sign.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The /T or /Trainee suffix tells listeners that the person operating is a trainee under supervision. It marks the trainee's transmission, not the instructor's ordinary operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__12.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD401": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §14 requires the group's leader to name the responsible radio amateur for a club-station call-sign assignment.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A club call sign still needs one accountable licensed person. The group leader names that responsible amateur so BNetzA knows who stands behind the station.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9828,8 +9828,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD404": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Only admitted radio amateurs may transmit using a club-station call sign; the club call does not authorise unlicensed operation.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A club call sign is shared identification, not a licence substitute. To transmit with it, the operator still needs their own admission to the amateur service.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9840,8 +9840,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD406": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "When operator class and club-station class differ, the lower privilege set controls frequency and power limits.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A club-station call cannot upgrade the operator. If the operator's class and club call's class differ, use the lower privilege set: lowest class wins.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__14.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9858,8 +9858,8 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VD501": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §13 requires a separate call-sign assignment for remote-controlled or automatically working stations such as repeaters and beacons.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Repeaters and beacons transmit without a normal operator sitting at the controls, so they need their own separate call-sign assignment. Memorise: automatic station, separate call.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9870,8 +9870,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD503": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 limits repeater stations above 30 MHz to 50 W ERP.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "For repeaters above 30 MHz, the exam wants the table value: 50 W ERP. Treat it as a fixed repeater limit, separate from ordinary personal-station power limits.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9882,8 +9882,8 @@
"confidence": 9
},
"VD601": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV §2 defines remote operation as unoccupied, remotely controlled operation of a fixed amateur station under continuous indirect control.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Remote operation means the station is fixed and unattended locally, but the operator controls it from elsewhere, often over the internet. The key idea is distance plus ongoing control.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9906,14 +9906,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD605": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Remote operation must remain under the operator's continuous indirect control, so the operator must be able to maintain operational safety.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Remote is not unattended free-running operation. The operator must still be able to control and stop the station indirectly, so operational safety remains their responsibility.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__2.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD606": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The remote-station operator must prevent unauthorised or abusive access, so only specifically authorised amateurs may use it.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "A remote station is powerful because anyone with access could transmit from it. The operator must gate access so only authorised amateurs can use it, preventing anonymous or abusive operation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/__13a.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9936,8 +9936,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD701": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "International RR allocations are not self-executing in Germany; AFuV Anlage 1 and BNetzA notices implement the usable national amateur ranges.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The Radio Regulations are the international framework, but you operate under German implementation. Memorise: RR may allow a band internationally; AFuV Anlage 1 tells you whether you may use it in Germany.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9954,14 +9954,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD704": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A primary service can claim protection from secondary services, so secondary stations must not interfere with it.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Primary means priority user. A primary service may demand protection from secondary users, so secondary stations must move or stop if they cause trouble.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD705": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "A secondary service may neither cause harmful interference to primary services nor claim protection from them.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Secondary has the weaker position: do not interfere, and do not expect protection. Good memory hook: secondary means 'no trouble caused, no protection claimed'.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -9984,92 +9984,92 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VD709": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 1810 to 2000 kHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the German 160 m band. Memorise it as the MF/low-HF entry: 1810-2000 kHz, just below the broadcast-style 2 MHz area.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD710": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 3.5 to 3.8 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 80 m band. The exam table value is 3.5-3.8 MHz; remember it as the first classic HF band after 160 m.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD711": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 7 to 7.2 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 40 m band. The German amateur range is 7.0-7.2 MHz; the clean round 7 MHz start makes it easy to anchor.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD712": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 10.1 to 10.15 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 30 m WARC band, and it is deliberately narrow: 10.100-10.150 MHz. Memory hook: 30 m is the tiny 50 kHz slice at 10.1 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD713": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 14 to 14.35 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 20 m band. The table value is 14.000-14.350 MHz; remember 14 MHz as the main long-distance HF anchor.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD714": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 18.068 to 18.168 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 17 m WARC band. Like the other WARC bands, it is narrow: 18.068-18.168 MHz, a 100 kHz slice.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD715": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 21 to 21.45 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 15 m band. The range starts cleanly at 21 MHz and runs to 21.45 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD716": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 24.89 to 24.99 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 12 m WARC band. Memory hook: another narrow 100 kHz WARC slice, 24.89-24.99 MHz, just below 25 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD717": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 28 to 29.7 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 10 m band. It is the broad class-N HF band too: 28-29.7 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD718": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 50.0 to 52.0 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 6 m band in Germany: 50-52 MHz. Remember it as the bridge between HF-like propagation and VHF regulation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD719": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 144 to 146 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 2 m VHF band. The exam value is compact and round: 144-146 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD720": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 430 to 440 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 70 cm UHF band. Memorise the German allocation as the round 10 MHz block from 430 to 440 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD721": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 1240 to 1300 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 23 cm band. The German amateur range is 1240-1300 MHz; remember it as the first microwave-style exam range after 70 cm.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD722": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "This is a direct AFuV Anlage 1 table value: the German amateur allocation is 2320 to 2450 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "This is the 13 cm band. The exam range is 2320-2450 MHz, ending at the familiar 2.45 GHz ISM neighbourhood.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VD723": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "AFuV Anlage 1 gives class N only the 10 m, 2 m and 70 cm ranges: 28-29.7 MHz, 144-146 MHz and 430-440 MHz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Class N is the compact starter set: 10 m, 2 m and 70 cm. Memorise the three islands: 28-29.7 MHz, 144-146 MHz and 430-440 MHz.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afuv_2005/anlage_1.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -10272,10 +10272,10 @@
"confidence": 8
},
"VE307": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If all bands are disturbed, the likely source is local household electronics, so checking local supplies, lamps, computers and displays is the fastest first isolation step.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Interference on every band usually points to a nearby broadband noise source, not propagation or one amateur band. The practical first step is to isolate local household electronics and power supplies before escalating.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/emvg_2016/BJNR287910016.html",
"confidence": 7
"confidence": 8
},
"VE308": {
"revision": 1,
@@ -10320,8 +10320,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VE501": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "EMVU is the environmental side of electromagnetic compatibility: protecting people and the environment from electromagnetic fields.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "EMVU is not about whether your radio works; it is about electromagnetic fields in the environment. In exam terms, read it as person/environment protection from RF exposure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 9
},
@@ -10338,8 +10338,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VE504": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV amateur display procedure lets the amateur independently calculate, document and declare that person-safety limits are met.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The BEMFV procedure is a self-responsibility model: calculate or measure the safety distance, document it, and declare that people are protected. It is not just paperwork; it defines your safe operating envelope.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -10356,8 +10356,8 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VE507": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BEMFV documentation threshold for fixed amateur stations is 10 W EIRP.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The trigger number is 10 W EIRP for fixed amateur stations. Memorise it as: fixed station plus 10 W EIRP or more means EMVU documentation.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -10374,14 +10374,14 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VE510": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "If the actual station no longer matches the existing notification, the BEMFV procedure must be repeated.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The notification only covers the station as described. If antennas, power, location or other relevant facts change so the old assumptions no longer fit, redo the procedure.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
"VE511": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The notification is the amateur's binding declaration that the statutory person-protection limits are met under their own responsibility.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The notification is your binding statement to BNetzA: I checked the RF exposure limits and my fixed station stays within them. The responsibility remains with the operator.",
"source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bemfv/__8.html",
"confidence": 10
},
@@ -10434,10 +10434,10 @@
"confidence": 10
},
"VE601": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Electrical safety for home-built equipment follows generally recognised engineering practice, which is why VDE rules are the relevant benchmark.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Home-built does not mean safety rules disappear. The regulation expects generally recognised engineering practice, so VDE rules are the benchmark for safe construction and installation.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
"confidence": 8
},
"VE602": {
"revision": 2,
@@ -10446,38 +10446,38 @@
"confidence": 8
},
"VE603": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Recognised lightning-protection rules for antenna installations are published as VDE standards.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Lightning protection is about using recognised technical rules, not improvising. For antenna installations, the exam points you to the VDE standards as that recognised rule set.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
"confidence": 8
},
"VE604": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "VDE 0855-300 applies to equipotential bonding and earthing of amateur transmitting installations; the VDE 0185-305 lightning-protection series applies when the building has a lightning-protection system.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Split the safety topics: VDE 0855-300 is the amateur-station earthing/equipotential-bonding rule; VDE 0185-305 is the lightning-protection series when the building has lightning protection.",
"source": "VDE 0855-300 and DIN EN 62305/VDE 0185-305",
"confidence": 7
"confidence": 8
},
"VE701": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Licensed amateurs owe annual frequency-protection contributions under TKG and EMVG cost-recovery rules.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The annual contribution is not a usage fee per QSO; it funds frequency protection and EMC work. Once you hold the amateur authorisation/call sign, you are part of that cost-recovery system.",
"source": "Frequenzschutzbeitragsverordnung (FSBeitrV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE702": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The annual frequency-protection contribution is tied to having an amateur admission, regardless of how much the station is used.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "The trigger is having the admission, not how often you transmit. Memorise: licence held equals annual contribution owed, even for little or no activity.",
"source": "Frequenzschutzbeitragsverordnung (FSBeitrV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE703": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "The BNetzA fee regulation charges for individually attributable acts such as admission to the amateur service and assignment of a person-bound call sign.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Fees are for individual administrative acts, such as issuing the admission and assigning the person-bound call sign. Think one-time authority action, not the annual contribution.",
"source": "Besondere Gebührenverordnung BNetzA (BNetzABGebV)",
"confidence": 8
},
"VE704": {
"revision": 1,
"explanation": "Unpaid public fees and contributions can be enforced administratively under the Verwaltungs-Vollstreckungsgesetz.",
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "BNetzA fees and contributions are public-law debts. If they are not paid, the state does not need an ordinary private lawsuit first; administrative enforcement can follow.",
"source": "Verwaltungs-Vollstreckungsgesetz (VwVG)",
"confidence": 8
},
@@ -10494,8 +10494,8 @@
"confidence": 8
},
"VE707": {
"revision": 2,
"explanation": "Damage caused by an antenna installation is a civil-liability issue for the owner or operator who controls that installation.",
"revision": 3,
"explanation": "For antenna damage, responsibility follows control of the installation. The owner or operator is the person expected to build, maintain and secure it, so they bear liability toward third parties.",
"source": "https://50ohm.de/N_antennen_baurecht_haftung.html",
"confidence": 8
}