imple/Amateurfunk-Anki
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Add helping study references

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Renat Nurgaliyev
2026-05-26 15:26:04 +02:00
parent 899a169da7
commit 2c3c8ffcc5
3 changed files with 661 additions and 0 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files
references/Call-Signs.md
+138
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
# Call Signs and Country Prefixes
This reference summarizes amateur radio call-sign patterns, suffixes,
country prefixes, and full call signs that appear in the BNetzA 2024 exam
question catalog in `data/2024-03-20-3-auflage/fragenkatalog3b.json`.
Reference counts are the number of exam question records where the item
appears in a call-sign or country-prefix context. Ambiguous short items
such as `K`, `N`, `W`, `/F`, and class letters are counted only when they
are used as call-sign prefixes, call-sign suffixes, or operating suffixes,
not as ordinary words, units, or unrelated answer text.
## German Call-Sign Patterns
| Code or pattern | What it identifies | What the exam tests | Explanation, when actually used | Exam references | Question IDs |
|---|---|---|---|---:|---|
| `DA0...` | German club station example. | `DA0ABC` is a club station. | Used as a shared station call sign assigned to a club or group. | 1 | `BD101` |
| `DA5...` | German special experimental-study example. | `DA5XX` marks operation for special experimental studies under AFuV. | Used for specific authorized experimental amateur radio work. | 1 | `BD102` |
| `DL0...` | German class A club station example. | `DL0XK` is a class A club-station call sign. | Used by a club station rather than a person-bound station. | 1 | `BD103` |
| `DL1` to `DL9` | German person-bound class A call signs with two- or three-letter suffix. | `DL1` to `DL9` plus suffix belongs to class A. | Used as a German full-privilege personal amateur radio call-sign pattern. | 1 | `BD104` |
| `DN9...` | German person-bound class N call sign pattern. | `DN9` belongs to class N. | Used for German class N personal call signs. | 1 | `BD105` |
| `DO1` to `DO9` | German person-bound class E call signs with two- or three-letter suffix. | `DO1` to `DO9` plus suffix belongs to class E. | Used as a German novice/intermediate personal call-sign pattern. | 1 | `BD106` |
| `DP0...` | German exterritorial class A station examples. | `DP0GVN` and `DP0POL` are exterritorial class A amateur stations. | Used for German amateur stations operated at exterritorial locations. | 2 | `BD107`, `BD108` |
| German personal format | Two-letter prefix, one digit, two- or three-letter suffix. | Person-bound German call signs are built from prefix, digit, and suffix. | Used to recognize the structure of ordinary German amateur call signs. | 1 | `VD203` |
| `DA` to `DZ` | German country-prefix range with exceptions in distractors. | Correct mapping: Germany `DA-DR`, South Korea `DS-DT`, Philippines `DU-DZ`. | Used to identify the country allocation at the start of a call sign. | 1 | `BD302` |
| `MO`, `MOE`, `MOI`, `MOS`, `MOH`, `MO5` | Direction-finding (foxhunt/ARDF) transmitter identifiers, not call signs. | Low-power beacons used for radio direction finding send `MO`, `MOE`, `MOI`, `MOS`, `MOH` or `MO5`. | Used in telegraphy by ARDF/foxhunt transmitters to identify themselves while being located. | 1 | `BD109` |
## Operating Suffixes and Portable Prefixing
| Code or pattern | What it identifies | What the exam tests | Explanation, when actually used | Exam references | Question IDs |
|---|---|---|---|---:|---|
| `HB9/DL9MJ` | German class A station operating temporarily in Switzerland under CEPT. | For CEPT operation abroad, use the visited country's prefix before the home call sign. | Used when a German class A operator operates temporarily in Switzerland. | 1 | `BD214` |
| `HB3/DO7PR` | German CEPT-Novice station operating temporarily in Switzerland. | For Swiss novice CEPT operation, `HB3/` is prefixed before the German `DO` call. | Used when a German novice operator operates temporarily in Switzerland under the novice arrangement. | 1 | `BD213` |
| `DL/G3MM` | Foreign station temporarily operating in Germany under CEPT. | A UK station may temporarily operate in Germany by prefixing `DL/`. | Used when a foreign operator identifies temporary operation from Germany. | 1 | `BD212` |
| `DL/` or `DO/` | German prefix added before a foreign home call sign, depending on class. | A CEPT visitor in Germany prefixes the home call with `DL/` or `DO/`. | Used by foreign CEPT operators while temporarily operating from Germany. | 1 | `VB110` |
| `/T` or `/Trainee` | Training operation suffix. | Trainees use the trainer or club call with `/T` or `/Trainee`, depending on the case. | Used to identify supervised training operation. | 3 | `BD209`, `BD210`, `BD211` |
| `/R` or `/Remote` | Remote-operation suffix. | `/R` or `/Remote` can mark remote operation. | Used as optional information that the station is being operated remotely. | 1 | `BD208` |
| `/p` | Portable or temporarily fixed station. | `/p` may be used in Germany, but is not mandatory for portable or temporarily fixed operation. | Used to tell others the station is portable or temporarily away from the registered fixed site. | 3 | `BA107`, `BD206`, `BD207` |
| `/m` | Mobile station or station on inland waterways. | `/m` can mean mobile in a land vehicle or aboard a vessel on inland waters. | Used to identify mobile operation. | 2 | `BD203`, `BD204` |
| `/mm` | Maritime mobile on a vessel at sea. | `DC4LW/mm` means the station is aboard a watercraft at sea. | Used for maritime mobile amateur operation outside inland-waterway cases. | 1 | `BD205` |
| `/am` | Aeronautical mobile. | `VE8ZZ/am` is a Canadian amateur station operated aboard an aircraft. | Used when an amateur station is operated from an aircraft. | 2 | `BD201`, `BD202` |
## Country Prefixes
| Code or prefix | Country or area | What the exam tests | Explanation, when actually used | Exam references | Question IDs |
|---|---|---|---|---:|---|
| `4X` | Israel. | `4X`, `F`, `OZ` map to Israel, France, Denmark. | Used as the country prefix at the start of Israeli call signs. | 2 | `BD307`, `BD311` |
| `AL` | United States prefix range item. | Appears as a distractor in the USA, New Zealand, Argentina prefix question. | Used as part of the US `AA-AL` prefix allocation, though not the main exam answer. | 1 | `BD312` |
| `BY` | China. | China, Canada, Australia are `BY`, `VE`, `VK`. | Used as a Chinese amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD313`, `BD316`, `BD317`, `BD318` |
| `CE` | Chile. | South American examples include `PY`, `CE`, `LU`; also appears as a distractor. | Used as a Chilean amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD312`, `BD317` |
| `CT` | Portugal. | Appears as a distractor among countries bordering Germany. | Used as a Portuguese amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD314` |
| `DS-DT` | South Korea. | In the `DA-DZ` allocation question, `DS-DT` belongs to South Korea. | Used to identify South Korean call signs in that prefix range. | 3 | `BD302`, `BD316`, `BD318` |
| `DU-DZ` | Philippines. | In the `DA-DZ` allocation question, `DU-DZ` belongs to the Philippines. | Used to identify Philippine call signs in that prefix range. | 1 | `BD302` |
| `EA` | Spain. | Spain appears as `EA`; Switzerland, Spain, Belgium are `HB9`, `EA`, `ON`; `EA6VQ` is a Spanish station calling CQ. | Used as a Spanish amateur radio prefix. | 5 | `BD308`, `BD310`, `BD311`, `BD314`, `BE104` |
| `EI` | Ireland. | `EA`, `EI`, `EK`, `EM`, `ES` map to Spain, Ireland, Armenia, Ukraine, Estonia. | Used as an Irish amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD308`, `BD311` |
| `EK` | Armenia. | `EK` maps to Armenia in the five-prefix sequence. | Used as an Armenian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD308` |
| `EM` | Ukraine. | `EM` maps to Ukraine in the correct sequence and appears as a distractor elsewhere. | Used as a Ukrainian amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD308`, `BD311` |
| `ES` | Estonia. | `ES` maps to Estonia in the five-prefix sequence. | Used as an Estonian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD308` |
| `EU` | Belarus. | Appears as a distractor in the Spain, Luxembourg, Poland question. | Used as a Belarusian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD311` |
| `F` | France. | France appears in border-country and prefix-mapping questions. | Used as a French amateur radio prefix. | 3 | `BD305`, `BD307`, `BD314` |
| `GM` | Scotland. | Appears as a distractor among countries bordering Germany. | Used for Scotland within the UK call-sign system. | 1 | `BD314` |
| `HB0` | Liechtenstein. | Appears as a distractor among countries bordering Germany. | Used as a Liechtenstein amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD314` |
| `HB3` | Switzerland novice CEPT prefix. | German novice CEPT operation in Switzerland uses `HB3/DO7PR`. | Used before a German novice home call when operating temporarily in Switzerland under the relevant arrangement. | 2 | `BD213`, `BD214` |
| `HB9` | Switzerland. | Switzerland appears as `HB9`; used in CEPT and DX examples. | Used as a Swiss amateur radio prefix. | 5 | `BD213`, `BD214`, `BD310`, `BD314`, `BE114` |
| `I` | Italy. | Appears as a distractor among countries bordering Germany. | Used as an Italian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD314` |
| `JA` | Japan. | Asian-prefix distractors and China, Canada, Australia choices include `JA`. | Used as a Japanese amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD313`, `BD316`, `BD317`, `BD318` |
| `K` | United States. | USA call signs can start with `K`; also appears in country-prefix distractors. | Used as a US amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD312`, `BD315`, `BD316`, `BD318` |
| `LA` | Norway. | Appears as a distractor in Europe-prefix questions. | Used as a Norwegian amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD311`, `BD314` |
| `LU` | Argentina. | USA, New Zealand, Argentina are `W`, `ZL`, `LU`; also a South America distractor. | Used as an Argentine amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD311`, `BD312`, `BD317`, `BD318` |
| `LX` | Luxembourg. | Spain, Luxembourg, Poland are `EA`, `LX`, `SP`. | Used as a Luxembourg amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD311`, `BD314` |
| `LZ` | Bulgaria. | Appears as a distractor in European-prefix questions. | Used as a Bulgarian amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD311`, `BD314` |
| `N` | United States. | USA call signs can start with `N`; also appears in distractors. | Used as a US amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD312`, `BD313`, `BD315`, `BD316` |
| `OE` | Austria. | Austria, Netherlands, Sweden are `OE`, `PA`, `SM`; Austria, Belgium, Czechia are `OE`, `ON`, `OK`. | Used as an Austrian amateur radio prefix. | 3 | `BD303`, `BD304`, `BD314` |
| `OK` | Czechia. | `OE`, `ON`, `OK` map to Austria, Belgium, Czechia. | Used as a Czech amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD303`, `BD314` |
| `ON` | Belgium. | Switzerland, Spain, Belgium are `HB9`, `EA`, `ON`; `OE`, `ON`, `OK` includes Belgium. | Used as a Belgian amateur radio prefix. | 3 | `BD303`, `BD310`, `BD314` |
| `OZ` | Denmark. | `4X`, `F`, `OZ` map to Israel, France, Denmark; also border-country question. | Used as a Danish amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD307`, `BD314` |
| `PA` | Netherlands. | France, Netherlands, Poland are `F`, `PA`, `SP`; Austria, Netherlands, Sweden are `OE`, `PA`, `SM`. | Used as a Dutch amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD304`, `BD305` |
| `PY` | Brazil. | `VE`, `VK`, `PY` map to Canada, Australia, Brazil; `PY` also appears in long-path context. | Used as a Brazilian amateur radio prefix. | 5 | `AH216`, `BD309`, `BD312`, `BD317`, `BD318` |
| `SM` | Sweden. | Sweden, Poland, South Africa are `SM`, `SP`, `ZS`; `OE`, `PA`, `SM` includes Sweden. | Used as a Swedish amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD304`, `BD306`, `BD311`, `BD314` |
| `SP` | Poland. | Poland appears in border-country and mapping questions. | Used as a Polish amateur radio prefix. | 5 | `BD305`, `BD306`, `BD310`, `BD311`, `BD314` |
| `S0` | Western Sahara. | Appears as a distractor in the Spain, Luxembourg, Poland question. | Used as a Western Sahara prefix in prefix lists. | 1 | `BD311` |
| `SZ` | Greece prefix-series item. | Appears as a distractor in the Switzerland, Spain, Belgium question. | Used within Greek amateur radio prefix series. | 1 | `BD310` |
| `UA` | Russia. | Appears in `UA3RUS`, a distractor in the USA-only call-sign question. | Used as a Russian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD315` |
| `US` | Ukraine. | Appears in `US2ABC`, a distractor in the USA-only call-sign question. | Used as a Ukrainian amateur radio prefix series. | 1 | `BD315` |
| `VE` | Canada. | Canada appears as `VE`; `VE8ZZ/am` is Canadian aeronautical mobile. | Used as a Canadian amateur radio prefix. | 7 | `BD202`, `BD309`, `BD312`, `BD313`, `BD315`, `BD316`, `BD317` |
| `VK` | Australia. | Australia appears as `VK`; `CQ VK/ZL` asks for Australia or New Zealand. | Used as an Australian amateur radio prefix. | 4 | `BD309`, `BD313`, `BE110`, `EH217` |
| `VU` | India. | `BY`, `JA`, `VU` are Asian prefixes in the correct answer. | Used as an Indian amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD318` |
| `W` | United States. | USA, New Zealand, Argentina are `W`, `ZL`, `LU`; `W`, `VE`, `XE` share one continent; USA calls also include `W...`. | Used as a US amateur radio prefix. | 3 | `BD312`, `BD315`, `BD316` |
| `XE` | Mexico. | North American-prefix distractor with `W`, `VE`, and `N`. | Used as a Mexican amateur radio prefix. | 1 | `BD316` |
| `ZL` | New Zealand. | USA, New Zealand, Argentina are `W`, `ZL`, `LU`; `CQ VK/ZL` asks for Australia or New Zealand. | Used as a New Zealand amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD312`, `BE110` |
| `ZS` | South Africa. | Sweden, Poland, South Africa are `SM`, `SP`, `ZS`; also appears as a distractor. | Used as a South African amateur radio prefix. | 2 | `BD306`, `BD312` |
## Full Call Signs Mentioned
| Call sign | What it identifies | What the exam tests | Explanation, when actually used | Exam references | Question IDs |
|---|---|---|---|---:|---|
| `DD4UQ` | German call-sign example. | Phonetic spelling and Fieldday contest example. | Used as a normal station call sign; with `/P` it is portable. | 2 | `BA101`, `BE116` |
| `DK1KC` | German phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Kilo 1 Kilo Charlie. | Used as a station call sign that must be identified clearly on air. | 1 | `BA102` |
| `DK5WP` | German phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Kilo 5 Whiskey Papa. | Used as a station call sign that must be identified clearly on air. | 1 | `BA103` |
| `DL1FLO` | German phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Lima 1 Foxtrot Lima Oscar. | Used as a station call sign that must be identified clearly on air. | 1 | `BA104` |
| `DL4YBZ` | German phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Lima 4 Yankee Bravo Zulu. | Used as a station call sign that must be identified clearly on air. | 1 | `BA105` |
| `DM4EAX` | German phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Mike 4 Echo Alfa X-ray. | Used as a station call sign that must be identified clearly on air. | 1 | `BA106` |
| `DN9RO/p` | German portable phonetic spelling example. | Spell the call and `/p` as portable. | Used when a class N station is portable or temporarily fixed. | 1 | `BA107` |
| `DN9STV` | German class N phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta November 9 Sierra Tango Victor. | Used as a class N station call sign. | 1 | `BA108` |
| `DO9XJZ` | German class E phonetic spelling example. | Spell as Delta Oscar 9 X-ray Juliett Zulu. | Used as a class E station call sign. | 1 | `BA109` |
| `IG9/DL4HR` | German station operating with `IG9/` prefix in the spelling example. | Spell the slash as stroke. | Used when a home call is prefixed for operation from another country or area. | 1 | `BA110` |
| `DA0ABC` | German club station example. | Recognize it as a club station. | Used as a shared club-station call sign. | 1 | `BD101` |
| `DA5XX` | German special experimental-study example. | Recognize special experimental-study operation. | Used for authorized experimental amateur radio studies. | 1 | `BD102` |
| `DL0XK` | German class A club station example. | Recognize a class A club station. | Used by a club station in normal or contest operation. | 1 | `BD103` |
| `DP0GVN` | German exterritorial class A station example. | Recognize exterritorial class A operation. | Used for German amateur operation from an exterritorial site. | 1 | `BD107` |
| `DP0POL` | German exterritorial class A station example. | Recognize exterritorial class A operation. | Used for German amateur operation from an exterritorial site. | 1 | `BD108` |
| `DG2RON/T` | German training-operation example. | Trainee uses `DG2RON/T` for Morse or digital training. | Used when a trainee operates under supervision. | 1 | `BD211` |
| `DL0MOL/T` | Club-station training-operation example. | Trainee may use `DL0MOL/T` or `DL0MOL/Trainee`. | Used for supervised training at a club station. | 1 | `BD210` |
| `DL1PZ/Trainee` | Speech training-operation example. | Trainee may use `DL1PZ/Trainee`. | Used for supervised speech-radio training. | 1 | `BD209` |
| `DC4LW/mm` | German maritime-mobile station example. | Recognize operation aboard a vessel at sea. | Used when operating from a vessel at sea. | 1 | `BD205` |
| `VE8ZZ/am` | Canadian aeronautical-mobile station example. | Recognize Canadian aircraft operation. | Used when operating an amateur station from an aircraft. | 1 | `BD202` |
| `DL/G3MM` | UK station temporarily operating in Germany. | CEPT visitor prefixes home call with German prefix. | Used by a foreign operator temporarily in Germany. | 1 | `BD212` |
| `HB9/DL9MJ` | German class A station temporarily in Switzerland. | Correct CEPT call-sign form in Switzerland. | Used by a German operator temporarily operating from Switzerland. | 1 | `BD214` |
| `HB3/DO7PR` | German CEPT-Novice station temporarily in Switzerland. | Correct novice CEPT call-sign form in Switzerland. | Used by a German novice operator temporarily operating from Switzerland. | 1 | `BD213` |
| `EA6VQ` and `DF1KW` | Spanish caller and German answering station. | Correct way to answer a CQ call in English. | Used when replying directly to a station that called CQ. | 1 | `BE104` |
| `4U1ITU` | ITU station example calling specific prefixes. | `CQ VK/ZL` asks only Australia or New Zealand. | Used as a calling station that restricts replies to wanted areas. | 1 | `BE110` |
| `N4EAX` | US station calling Germany. | `CQ DL` means the station seeks a German amateur. | Used when a station calls for a particular country prefix. | 1 | `BE113` |
| `HB9AFN` | Swiss station calling DX. | `CQ DX` on 20 m seeks another continent in the exam example. | Used when a station requests long-distance or intercontinental replies. | 1 | `BE114` |
| `HZ1HZ` and `K8PYD` | Station and QSL manager example. | `QSL via K8PYD` means send the card through the QSL manager. | Used when a station delegates QSL-card handling to another call sign. | 1 | `BG109` |
| `K3LR`, `W3DZZ`, `K4EAX` | Correct USA-only answer set. | All three are US call signs. | Used as examples of US call-sign prefixes `K` and `W`. | 1 | `BD315` |
| `W0FKK`, `N6CAL`, `VE5VK` | Mixed USA and Canada distractor set. | `VE5VK` is Canadian, so the set is not USA-only. | Used to distinguish US prefixes from Canadian `VE`. | 1 | `BD315` |
| `US2ABC`, `AB0GC`, `W4EAX` | Mixed distractor set. | `US2ABC` is not a US call sign in this question context. | Used to avoid assuming every call starting with `US` means USA. | 1 | `BD315` |
| `K1TTT`, `KA7KLE`, `UA3RUS` | Mixed USA and Russia distractor set. | `UA3RUS` is not a US call sign. | Used to distinguish US `K` or `KA` calls from Russian `UA`. | 1 | `BD315` |
## Lookup and Identification Rules
| Topic | What it identifies | What the exam tests | Explanation, when actually used | Exam references | Question IDs |
|---|---|---|---|---:|---|
| International prefix regulation | Prefixes for amateur radio call signs. | Prefixes are internationally regulated in the Radio Regulations. | Used as the legal basis for recognizing country allocations. | 1 | `VA406` |
| Unknown country prefix lookup | Where to find an unknown country prefix. | Use the ITU country-prefix list, amateur radio handbooks, and call-sign lists. | Used when a heard call sign has an unfamiliar prefix. | 1 | `BD301` |
| International callbook | Address lookup for foreign amateurs. | Foreign addresses can be found in an international callbook or internet sources. | Used when sending a direct QSL card. | 2 | `BG109`, `BG110` |
| QSL-card call signs | Minimum QSL-card call-sign data. | QSL cards should include own call sign and the other station's call sign. | Used to document a completed QSO correctly. | 1 | `BG105` |
| Listening without a call sign | Receiving amateur transmissions. | Receiving amateur radio transmissions does not require amateur service admission. | Used to distinguish SWL reception from transmitting. | 1 | `VD102` |